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LIBERALISM (MODERN LIBERALISM: (IDEAS OF T.H GREEN (OXFORD IDEALIST) (ACC…

- - - - UTILITARAIN TRADITION
        BENTHAM:
      - NATURAL RIGHTS TRADITION
        LOCKE:
    - - SO LIBERALISM INFUSED ELEMENTS OF IDEALISM: AS SOME ELEMENTS OF IDEALISM HAS SIMILARITY WITH SOCIALISM(LIKE MILL DID IN HIS THEORY OF UTIL.)
        
        THERE IS THIN LINE B/W SOCIALIST STATE V/S WELAFRE STATE
      - CAME TO CRITISM BECOZ OF ITS INHUMAN NATURE.(CARLYLE CALLS IT PIG PHILOSOPHY)
        THAT MILL REDIFENED UTILITY
  - - - NEGATIVE LIBERTY : STATE INTERFRENCE REDUCES LIBERTY
      - POSITIVE LIBERTY : TRUE LIBERTY IS CAPACITY = LIBERTY FOR ALL..
        SO STATE INTERFRERS.. T.H GREEN 1ST TO DEFINE LIBERTY IN TERMS OF CAPCITY
      - POSITUVE LIBERALS DRAW INSPIRATION FROM IMMANUAL KANT : THAT GIVES IMP OF DIGNITY WITH LIBERTY
  - - - TO ESTD. LEVEL PLAYING FIELD IN SOCIETY
  - - - INDIVIDUAL IS FREE ONLY WHEN IS FREE TO FULLFILL THE LAW OF HIS BEING
      - WHEN STATE INTERFERS IN LIBERTY FOR POOR IT SHOULN'T BE TAKEN AS LIMITING THE LIBERTY
      - LIBERTY CAN'T BE AGINST THE HUMAN DIGNITY
      - OTHER IDEOLIGIES ON LIBERTY
        
        CLASSICAL LIBERALS:
        
        SACRIFICE EQULAITY AND DIGNITY FOR LIBERTY AND UTILITY
        
        SOCIALIST:
        
        SACRIFICE LIBERTY FOR SAKE OF EQUALITY
        
        IDEALIST
        
        SACRIFICE MAN FOR STATE
    - - SHOWS RIGHT HAS MORAL ORIGIN
    - - STATE THOUGH NOT ORIGINATOR OR CREATOR OF RIGHTS:
        STATE IS PROTECTOR OF RIGHTS
        
        LIBERTY OF MAN SHOULD BE BALNCED WITH LIBERTY OF STATE
        
        STATE IS FORMED OUT OF WILL OF MAN
        
        GREEN NOT COMPROMISING INDIVIDUAL LIBERTY FOR SAKE OF STATE
        
        POSITIVE LIBERALISM TRY TO MAKE BALANCE WITH COMPETING VALUES OF INDIVIDUAL, SOCIETY, STATE
        
        MAN SHOULDN'T GO FOR ANARCHY
      - TH GREEN'S BOOK: PRINCIPLES OF POLITICAL OBLIGATION HELD THAT
        WILL NOT FORCE: IS THE BASIS OF STATE
        
        WHY POLITICAL OBLIGATION TO STATE IS IMP
        
        FROM THE TIME OF PLATO, ARISTOTLE
        
        POLITICAL SCHOLAR GIVES THE IMP. OF POLITICAL OBLIGATION: BECOZ STATE IS AOURCE OF VIRTUE AND AWE CAN'T LEAD A GOOD LIFE W/O STATE
        
        HOBBES HELD
        
        ABSOLUTE AUTHORITY TO STATE FOR SECURITY OF LIFE
        
        LOCKE:
        
        STATE TO BE OBLIGED AS STATE REMOVES INCONVINECIES IN STATE OF NATURE
        
        HOWEVER LOCKE GAVE CONCEPT OF LIMITED GOVT.
        
        HEGEL
        
        STATE IS MARCH OF HOD ON EARTH
        
        ROUSSAU
        
        MAN SHOULD OBEY STATE BECOZ LAW OF STATE REPRESENT GENERAL WILL
        
        KARL MARX:
        
        SO CHALLENGED THE LEGITIMACY OF STATE
        AND CALL FOR OVERTHROW OF STATE BY REVOLUTION....AS STATE IS INTRUMENT OF EXPLOTATION
        
        MARX HELD STATE IS EXECUTIVE COMMITTE OF BOURGEOIUSE CLASS
        
        TH GREEN HELD :
        
        STATE REPRESENT WILL OF PEOPLE.. (LIKE ROUSAEU) CAUSE STATE PERFORM MANY USEFUL ACTIONS
        
        IN WORDS OF GREEN" HINDER THE HINDRANCES: THE FACT THAT THERE HAS BEEN NO REVOLUTION AGAINST THE STATE:: IS WILL NOT FORCE
    - - W/O LIBERTY HUMAN EXISTENCE IS ANIMAL EXISTENCE.. LIBERTY IS IMP FOR DEVELOPMET OF PERSONALITY OF MAN
  - - - GIVEN CONCEPT OF LEGITIMATION CRISIS:
      - HABER MAS HELD
        
        IN RESPONSE TO SOCIALISM AND CRISIS OF CAPITALISM : WESTERN COUNTRIES ADOPTED WELFARE STATE
        
        WELFARE STATE IS BOUND TO FACE CRISIS OF LEGITIMACY
        
        WHY CRISIS OF LEG.:?
        
        BECOZ THERE EXIST CONTRADICTION IN WELFARE STATE
        
        CONTRADICTION:
        
        FOR WELFARE STATE SOCIAL SECURITY(FREEBIES) STATE NEEDS TO TAKE MONEY(TAX) FROM CAPITALIST
        
        CAPITALIIST MODEL WORKS ON PROFIT BASIS : SO THEIR IS LIMIT TO POWER OF THIS FUNDING BY INDUSTRIES
        
        THAT'S WHY HABER MASS HELD WELFARE STATE JUST POSTPONE THE CRISIS .. IT CAN'T END THE CRISIS
        
        WHAT IS LEG. CRISIS:
        
        WELAFRE STATE FAILS BECOZ IT IS BASED ON TWO CONTRADICTING PRINCIPLE
        
        SOCILAISM IN POLITICS
        CAPITALISM IN ECONOMY
        
        WELAFRE POLICIES TAKES MONEY OUT OF ECONOMY : BUT THE GRAPH OF EXPECTATION KEEPS ON RISING
        
        AFTER A CERTAIN POINT WHEN INDUSTRIES CAN'T FINANCE SOCIAL SECURITY SCHEME
        
        ONLY OPTION IS ROLL BACK OF THE STATE
        
        WHEN WELFARE STATE ROLLS BACK SOCIAL SECURITY THAN STATE IS BOIND TO SUFFER CRISIS OF LEGITIMACY
        
        INDICATION OF CRISIS:
        
        INCREASING PUBLIC PROTEST
        
        DECREASING ABILLITY OF STATE TO GOVERN
        
        LIKE PUBLIC PROTEST WHEN GREECE CALLED FOR AUSTERITY MEASURES ADMIST SOVERIGN DEBT CRISIS
    - - TAKES INITIATIVE TO PROVIDE SOCIAL SECURITY TO UNDERPRIVILAGED CLASS
  - - - RIGHTS ARE CONDITION W/O WHICH A PERSON IN GENERAL CAN'T BE AT HIS BEST
      - SOCIAL ORDER WHICH IS NOT BASED ON RIGHT IS BASED ON SAND(SANDCASTLE: LIKE USSR)
      - RIGHT ARE CLIAMS BUT NOT EMPTY OF DUITES
      - IF CAPITALIST HAVE RIGHT TO MAKE PROFIT
        HE ALSO HAVE DUTY FOR WELLBEING OF WORKER
      - SO WANTED STATE TO TAKE UP CAPACITY BULDING
        INTERVENE IN INDUSTRY FOR WORKER RIGHTS ETC
- - - - EVIL: BECOZ STATE LIMITS LIBERTY
      - NECESSARY:BECOZ MAN IS SELFISH.. SO AS TO KEEP MAN IN CHECK.. HIS LIBERTY SHOULD BREACH LIBERTY OF OTHERS
    - - SO LOCKE PRPOSES : NIGHTWATCHMAN STATE
      - SO ROBERT NOZICH: MINIMAL STATE
    - - POLICE FUNCTION : MAINTAINANCE OF LAW AND ORDER, SECURITY OF LLP
      - ADAM SMITH HELD STATE SHOULD BE REFREE NOT CAPTAIN: ITS ROLE IS OF REGULATOR
    - - MEANING STATE SHOULD NOT PERFORM ANY WELFARE FUNCTION
  - - - EQUALITY BEFOR LAW
        
        POLITICAL EQUALITY
      - EQUALITY OF OPPORTUNITY: TO BECOME RICH
    - - EQULAITY FOR NAME SAKE : IT IS LIKE 1 JUDEGE FOR BOTH PRINCE AND ORDINARY MAN BUT NOT SAME TREATMENT
      - MARXIST CALL FOR SOCIO-ECONOMIC EQALITY AS REAL EQAULITY
  - - - MERIT: REWARD SHOULD BE ACC. TO MERIT
        BUT MERIT IS A SOCIAL CONCEPT..
        MERIT IS DECIDED BY SOCIETY
        LIKE MERIT OF WORK OF TUTOR AND SERVANT
    - - ACC. TO THEM IF EFFORTS ARE MADE TO BRING EQUALITY.. (IN SOCIAL-ECONOMIC)).. IT WILL REDUCE LIBERTTY
        SO ACC. TO LIBERALS: ABSOLUTE EQUALITY IS INJUSTICE
- - - - SOCIETY: MAN CAN'T LIVE W/O SOCIETY
      - STATE: STATE IS ORAGANIC : STATE IS PRIOR TO MAN
      - RIGHTS: DON'T GIVE IMPORTANCE TO RIGHTS BUT TO DUTIES
      - IDEALISM: 2 SCHOOLS OF THOUGHT
        
        HEGELIAN:(GERMAN TRADITION)
        
        STATE IS MARCH OF GOD ON EARTH
        
        BUT THIS IDEA LATER MANIPULATED BY LEADERS LIKE HITLER, STALIN: TURNED STATE INTO TOTALITARINISM
        
        KANTIAN (BRITISH SCHOOL)
        
        PRIMACY TO SOCIETY NOT TO STATE
      - MAN: SOCIAL/ MORAL
      - CENTRAL IDEA TO IDEALISM : REASON OR RATIONALISM
    - - LED TO JUSTIFICATION OF STATE ABSOLUTISM ON BASIS OF REIGION: CENTRAL IDEA
    - - MODERN AGE STARTED IN EUROPE AS A RESULT OF ENLIGHTMENT: RENISSANCE
      - RENISSANCE MEANS REBIRTH OF AGE OF REASON
        
        RENSSAINCE STARTED AS REACTION TO DOMINATION OF CHRUCH THAT LED TO DARK AGE
        
        SO RENISSANCE LIES AT THE BEDROCK OF LUBERALISM WHICH ITSELF A MPVT. AGINST SERFDOM AND FUEDALISM
      - BUT MODERN AGE CHALLENGED STATE IN NAME OF RIGHTS OF MAN AGAINST DIVINE RIGHTS OF KING
        
        LIBERATED MAN FROM BONDAGE OF AUTHORITY , EVEN RELIGION: THAT WHY IDEOLOGY OF LIBERLISM EMERGED
        
        LIBERALISM CHALLENGED BY(CLASH OF IDEOLOGIES/ CLASH OF CIVILAZATION)
        
        MARXISM: SOCIALISM BUT AFTER 1991 COLLAPSE OF USSR THOUGH DISSPATED
        
        BUT AFTER 2001 NEW CHALLENGED EMERGED IN FORM FROM ISLAMIC FUNDAMNETALISM, ALSO ECONOMIC CHALLENGE TO LIBERALSIM ERUPTED AFTER 2008 EUROZONE CRISIS
        
        DECLINE OF US HEGEMONY , DECLINE OF EU PROJECTSYNOMUS TO DECLINE OF LIBERALISM
        
        THOUGH AFTER END OF COLD WAR FRANCIS FUKUYAMA HELD IT IS END OF HISTORY
        
        OTHER CHALLENGES: COMMUNITARIANISM, MULTICULTURALISM
  - - - TODAR mal (TD) ne FRIJ MEIN se Akbar ke liye LIBERALISM NIKALA