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HG2034 INTRODUCTION (What is Grammar (Constituents (phonology (how the…

- - - - easier to keep words into a standard pattern in memory
  - - - how the phrase should be pronounced
    - - what a phrase means
    - - where a phrase occurs in a sentence
    - - influence of social context on interpretation
  - - - descriptive rules
        
        how our grammatical system operates
        
        rules that are the same for all speakers
        
        e.g. subjects precede verbs in most sentences
      - prescriptive rules
        
        govern which version of english is considered appropriate for use
        
        e.g.whether to use who or whom in a given context
        
        absolute standard of correctness
        
        language is either correct or incorrect
        
        any educated person should be able to understand at once
        
        following the norms of correctness
        
        preserved in authoritative reference works such as dictionaries
  - - - transformational generative grammar
- - - - instead some members are better examples of the class than others
      - e.g. a cylinder with a depression in the middle can be either a bowl or a cup
  - - - peripheral cases that seem to belong together have family resemblance or shared characgeristics
    - - prototypical cases of any concept are easier to understand and remember than peripheral members
      - information bout the prototype is more readily generalized to peripheral members than the reverse
    - - this bowl looks more like a cup vs this bowl is a bowl not a cup
  - - - what kind of word it is
    - - what it is doing in a particular phrase or sentence
- - - - main horizontal line represents the core of the sentence
      - vertical line separates words
      - diagonal lines point toward words they modify
  - - - sentence branches into subject and predicate, before subdividing
- - - - tolerating only a small amt of deviation from norms
      - fighting against any relaxation of standards
      - overlook momentary lapses in fellow members' speech