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GRAMSCI (INTRODUCTION: (KEY CONCEPTS BY GRAMSCI: (HEGEMONY, CIVIL SOCIETY,…
GRAMSCI
INTRODUCTION:
A ITALIAN MARXIST
FOUNDER OF COMMUNIST PARTY OF ITALY
MUSSOLINI PUT GRAMSCI BEHIND THE BARS FOR HIS COMMUINST IDEAS
GRAMSCI WROTE IS THEORY ON PEICE OF PAPER IN PRISON: HIS WORK THUS KNOWN AS PRISON NOTE BOOK
GRAMSCI IS 2ND GREATEST PERSONALITY IN HISTORY OF MARXISM:
AS GRAMSCI SAVED MARXISM FROM
CRITIICISM OF CRUDE ECONOMIC DETERMINISM
KEY CONCEPTS BY GRAMSCI:
HEGEMONY
CIVIL SOCIETY
INTEGRAL STATE
REVOLUTION
INTELLECTUAL CLASS
THEORY OF INTEGRAL STATE
WHY GRAMSCI GIVES HIS THEORY?
GRAMSCI WAS DISAPOINTED BECOZ COMMUNIST MOVT. DIDN'T PREDICTED BY MARX DIDN'T HAPPEN
HENCE GRAMSCI REVISITED MARX THEORY OF HISTORY
GRAMSCI :INFLUECED FROM BENITTO CROC
WHO HAS ANALYSED ROLE OF CULTURAL FACTOR IN SHAPING THE HISTORY
GRAMSCI FELT THAT MARX OVEREMPHASISED ON ECONOMIC FACTOR
MARX : SUPERSTRUCTURE JUST REFLECTION OF BASE: ECONOMIC...
CHANGE BASE STRUCTURE SUPERSTRUCTURE WILL AUTOMATICALLY CHANGE
HENCE MARX HELD ONLY ONE REVOLUTION REQUIRED AT BASE LEVEL
GRAMSCI FUSEED MARX'S ECONOMIC AND CROC'S CULTUTRAL IMPACT ON HOSTORY TO GIVE 3 LAYERED MODEL
ACC. TO GRAMSCI SUPERSTRUCTURE IS NOT JUST REFLECTION OF BASE :GRAMSCI GIVES 3 LAYERED MODEL
ACC. TO GRAMSCI MARX HAS TAKEN SUPERSTRUCTURE LIGHTLY THEY ARE NOT REFLECTION BUT A STRUCTURE IN ITSELF :
INTEGRAL STATE
INTEGRAL STATE: DIVIDED INTO 2 LAYERS
STATE
CIVIL SOCIETY
THESE TWO BLOC COMBINDLY CALLED : HISTORICAL BLOC
IF MODE OF PRODUCTION BECOMES SOCIALIST THAN NEED NOT ALL INS. WILL CHANGE
HENCE GRAMSCI SUGGEST NEED FOR MORE DEEPER ANALYSIS OF INS. OF CIVIL SOCIETIES
GRAMSCI SUGGEST WORKING CLASS NEED TO KNOW HOW BOURGEOISE CLASS ESTD THEIR DOMINATION
BOURGEOISE CLASS NOT JUST CONTRLLING MEANS OF PRODUCTION BUT CONTROLLING IDEOLOGY AND CULTURE ALSO
INS. LIKE CHURCH, MEDIA, RELIGION, EDUCATION : CIVIL SOCIETY
ACT AS INVISIBLE GUARD OF ECONOMIC STRUCTURE
BOURGEOISE CONVINCE CIVIL SOCIETY THAT THEY WULL WORK ITHERE INTERST ALSO. ALSO CIVIL SOCIETY START ACTING LIKE
DEPUTY BOURGEISE
SO CIVIL SOCIETY NOT DIRECTLY LINKED WITH POWER .. THSES INS. ARE NEUTRAL BUT IN PRACTISE THEY ARE NOT NEUTRAL
THROUGH CIVIL SOCIETY HEGEMONY IS DEVELOPED
SO WORKING CLASS SHOULD DEVELOP THEIR COILATION OF SUBALTERN CLASS
FOR MARX IT WAS BOURGEOSIE VS PROLETARIET
FOR GRAMSCI: IT IS COILATION OF: BOURGEOISE + CIVIL SOCIETY V/S COILATION OF SUBALTERN CLASS
THEORY ON INTELLECTUAL CLASS:
COMMEN VIEW : THAT INTELLECTUALTELLS THE TRUTH
BUT ACC. TO GRAMSCI .. INTELLECTUAL CLASS MANUFACTURES TRUTH OR COMMEN SENSE FOR DOMINAT CLASS.. THERE TEHOERIES HIDE MORE THAN REVEALING
GRAMSCI HELD INTECTUAL CLASS IS OF TWO TYPES:
ORGANIC INTELLECTUALS:
THOSE GROWTHIS LINKED WITH GROWTH OF CAPITALISM.. THEY ARE CREATED BY CAPITALIST TO PROMPTE THEIR INTERST LIKE MBA, MANEGERS ETC.
ICS : WAS ALSO FORMED TO BE STEEL FRAME OF BRITISH RAJ
TRADTIONAL INTELLECTUAL:
THEY ARE EXISTING BEFORE RISE OF CAPITALISM.. LIKE CHURCH , FATHERS
LIKE IN MEDIVAL TIME THESE WERE AGAINST CAPITALIST AND SUPPORTED FUEDALIAM
BUT BOUGEOISE CLASS INCORPORATED THEM TO SERVE THERE INTEREST
IN MODERN TIMES BOTH TYPES OF INTELLECTUAL PLAY ROLE OF MANUFACTURING CONSENT FOR BOURGEOISE
GRAMSCI SUGGEST THAT TO CREATE COUNTER HEGEMONY:
WORKING CLASS SHOULD HAVE THERE OWN ORGANIC INTELECTUALS
SINCE TRADITIONAL INTELLECTUALS : NOT ORGINICALLY LINKED TO BOURGEOISE .. SO THEY CAN BE BROUGHT TO SUB SLTERN ALLIANCE
GRAMSCI ALSO BELIVE SOME INTELECTUAL OF ORGANIC BOURGEOISE CAN ALSO JOIN
GRAMSCI THEORY OF REVOLUTION
GRAMSCI HELD THAT: STATE WILL BE EXPOSED ONLY WHEN CIVIL SOCIETY FAILS
SO WORKER HAVE TO BUILT
COUNTER HEGEMONY
SO GRAMSCI PROPOSES A TWO STAGED REVOLUTION
1ST SATGE: AT LEVEL OF CIVIL SOCIETY:
WAR OF POSITION
THIS WILL BE A PROTRACTED CONFLICT ... GENTERATING COUNTER IDEAS BY MAKING SUBALTERN ALLAINCE: : PASSIVE REVOLUTION
LIKE COUNTER TO EDUCATION, MEDIA, CULTUREETC
2ND STAGE: AT LEVEL OF STATE
WAR OF MANUVRE
:
DIRECT ATTACK: ACTIVE REVOLUTION
.. ONCE WORKER CLASS WON WAR OF POSITION , THAN DIRECT WAR CAN BE EASILY WON
FOR EG:
REVOLT OF 1857: DIRECT ATTACK OR VIOLENT REVOLUTION TO OVERTHROW THE BRITISH
BUT MOVT. FAILED BECOZ MASSES DIDN'T JOINED IT AS PEOPLE CONSIDERED THAT BRITISH RULE IS GOOD
GANDHI ERA:
GANDHI FOUGHT TWO STAGED REVOLUTION
GANDHI'S WAR OF POSITION:
EDUCATION IN VERNACULAR
KHADI
SWADESHI , NCM
CDM GANDHI SHOWED TRUE FACE OF BRITISH BY TAXING POOREST OF POOR
GANDHI'S WAR OF MANUVRE
1942 QUIT INDIAN MOVT OR AUGUST REVOLUTIONB. GANDHI WAR OF MANUVRE
COMPELLED BRITISH INDIA TO LEAVE INDIA GRACEFULLY
THEORY OF HEGEMONY
HEGEMONY IS RULE BY CONSENT:
REAL POWER OF LEADERSHIP WHERE ONE DON'T REQUIRE COERCIVE POWER(HARD POWER) BUT POWER OF ATTRACTION(SOFT POWER)
SOFT POWER WILL CREATE LEGITIMACY AND GENRATE CONSENT OF YOUR ACTION
FOR EXAMPLE:
US HAS CONSENT FOR ITS ACTION OVER AFGAN INVASION IN 2001 AFTER 9/11 THAT Y US INVASION IS NOT CRITISIED
BUT IN 2003 IRAQ INVASION BY US US DIDN'T CREATED CONSENT.. SO HAD TO USE HARD POWER
DECLINE OF US HEGEMONY
GANDHI ESTD. HEGEMONY IN INDIAN FREEDOM STRUGGLE AGAINST BRITISH RULE..
THAT IT IS FIGHT B/E GOOD V/S EVIL
AFTER BRITISH RULE RAM RAJYA
MODERN BRITISH SOCIETIRS AS SATANIC
BUT INDIAN GOVT. FAILED HEGEMONY IN KASHMIR
THAT WHY SO MUCH RESISTANCE.. WHICH LED TO USE OF HARD POWER
SO A SOLN: FOR KASHMIR USE GRAMSCI THEORY IN KASHMIR: ESTD. HEHMONY IN KASHMIR THROUGH A COILATION OF CIVIL SPCETYTO COUNTER HEGEMONY ESTD. BY COUNTRIES LIKE PAKISTAN
USE OF COERCIVE POWER DECLINE IN SOFT POWER:
DECLINE IN HEGEMONY
INDIA HAVE LOT OF SOFT POWER LIKE: YOGA, BOLLYWOOD, CULTURE BUT INDIA NOT ABLE TO USE IT ASSERTIVELY
CIVIL SOCIETY IS SITE OF HEGEMONY:: LOCATION WHERE HEGEMONY IS MANUFACTURED
GRAMSCI SAYS : OFTEN CIVIL SOCIETY'S ROLE IS OVERLOOKED ...IT ACT AS A SHOCK ABSORBER
WHERE A VIBRANT CIVIL SOCIETY EXIST IT IS DIFFICULT TO BULID REVOLUTION THERE
ACC. TO GRAMSCI THERE ARE TWO KIND OF STATES
TRANSPARENT STATE: WHERE CIVIL SOCIETY IS ABSENT
EXPLOITATIVE NATURE OF STATE IS VISIBLE LIKE USSR.. SO REVOLUTION WAS EASYU
OPAQUE STATE: SOCIETIES WHERE CIVIL SOCIETIES EXIST :
HIDE THE RRAL NATURE OF STATE- SO REVOLUTION IS DIFFICULT
GRAMSCI HELD WELFARE STATE IS A OPAQUE STATE