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Section A: Living Organisms (Features of fungi (Could be unicellular eg…
Section A: Living Organisms
Characteristics of Living organisms
Movement
An action by an organism or part of an organism causing a change of position or place.
Respiration
The chemical reactions that takes place in living cells to release energy
Sensitivity
The ability to detect or sense changes in the environment (stimuli) and to make responses.
Homeostasis
Control of internal conditions to provide the best conditions inside cells for reactions
For example: we take in water when we eat and drink and the body controls how much water is retained and how much is removed
Growth
A permanent increase in size caused by an increase in cell number
Reproduction
Producing offspring
The processes that make more of the same kind of organism.
Excretion
The removal from organisms of toxic waste products of metabolism (chemical reactions in cells including respiration)
Nutrition
For animals - the taking in of organic molecules/nutrients by eating other organisms
For plants – making their own organic molecules by photosynthesis, using light energy.
features of plants
Multicellular: Made of lots of different types of cell
Cells have cellulose cell walls, proper nucleus
Photosynthesise (have chloroplasts) making large molecules out of small ones(sucrose/starch)
Do not need to move about from place to place
Include Ferns, mosses and flowering plants
E.g. Flowering plants such as cereal (e.g. maize) and a herbaceous legume (e.g. peas or beans).
Features of animals
Multicellular: Made of lots of different types of cell
Cells have no cell wall
Have to eat food containing large molecules
Move from place to another/involves nervous coordination
Store carbohydrates as glycogen
E.g. mammals (for example humans) and insects (for example housefly and mosquito).
Features of fungi
Could be unicellular eg yeast but most are multicellular made of threads called hyphae
each hypha may contain many nuclei
Several Hyphae together form a mycelium
Threads have a wall, not made of cellulose but chitin
No chloroplasts → no Photosynthesis
Many feed on decomposing organisms by extracellular secretion of enzymes (what do these enzymes do? Secrete it on what?) Then absorbing the digested products (Saprotrophic nutrition).
May store carbohydrate in the form of glycogen
All reproduce using spores
E.g. yeast used in baking and brewing
Eg. Mucor often seen as a mould
Could cause disease (Pathogen) eg. Ringworm
The main body of a fungus is the mycelium, which is made of hyphae
Fungal cells have cell walls made of substances such as chitin
Features of Bacteria
Very small single-celled organisms
Cells do not have a proper neucleus
Genetic material (single chromosome) are loose in the cytoplasm forming a circular loop.
Many have plasmids
Cell wall not made of cellulose or chitin
Some have a slime capsule
Some cause disease called pathogens (but most do not!) eg. Pneumococcus
Some cause decay and some are green
Some are useful: Used to make yoghurt (Lactobacillus bulgaricus),
features of protoctists
This kingdom contains many very different organisms –from the smallest algae (0.01mm long) to huge giant kelp seaweeds (up to 65m long).
These organisms are classified as protoctists because they do not fit very well into any other group.
They are mainly single-celled or be made of many similar cells
Unlike bacteria , their cells contain a nucleus
Some are like animals and live in pond water e.g. Amoeba
Some are like plants and chloroplasts such as Chlorella
Some can cause disease e.g. Plasmodium that causes malaria
Features of viruses
Viruses are not made up of cells
Viruses are very small, approximately 100nm across (1nm = 1/1000 000 of a mm)
contain one type of nucleic acid, either DNA or RN
Viruses can only reproduce inside living cells.
Cells which the virus lives called host cells
Eg: HIV virus attacks White blood cells
pathogen
: organisms that cause disease. including fungi, protoctists, bacteria and viruses
e.g.
Protoctist:
Plasmodium
, causes malaria
Bacterium:
Pneumococcus
which causes pneumonia.
Viruses:
Influenza virus
(which causes flu) and
HIV
(which causes AIDS
MRS H GREN