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CAUSES OF THE INDUSTRIAL REVOLUTION- Mid 1700's- (RESOURCES…
CAUSES OF THE INDUSTRIAL REVOLUTION- Mid 1700's-
RESOURCES
Canals and Chanels
During the industrial revolution and the Agrarian revolution there became many traders who required to transport their goods to people from other areas, colonies and countries
However, this was not easy to do as the only current way of transportation was by ship around the coastlines and horse and cart on land
Bridge and Canal during the Industrial revolution
The idea of making water ways throughout the land that could allow ships and boats to transport produce and textiles
The canal made was 1.25m deep and around 12m wide, the boats travelling along these canals could hold up too 30 tons
construction of the canal started in 1817 and finished in 1825
One of the first most extravagant canals made was the Erie canal, it was a total of 558km long
It was connected to the Hudson river and Lake Erie, Buffalo
Coal
Coal was used to power steam engines; meaning that coal was on high demand and this sparked the start of many businesses
The coal industry continued to grow throughout the revolution
Image of coal
The coal mines however were a dangerous place for workers as they were subject to flooding, explosions and cave in’s
This then allowed many new inventions and entrepreneurs to help with the safety of workers whilst in the mines
Around 1740 most coal mines could hardly be mines; the workers were only allowed to dig 4-6 meters underground in order to keep them safe
The other reason for this was because James Watt’s steam engine had not yet been invented meaning that there was little demand for coal
The large coastline allowed many goods to be transported easily through channels and canals
More food due to the Agrarian revolution
The largest copper producing town; Burra also influenced the industrial revolution as it opened up many jobs
provided more money into the economy as it was also traded with other colonies
meaning more money for both the provider and the British empire
POPULATION
1761: 6 146 000 – 1881: 25 974 000; That’s an increase of 19 828 000 people over 20 years
The population grew rapidly also due to the resources urban areas offered; markets that allowed families to sell part of their crop yield, jobs for both the men and children
Before industrialisation 80% of people were farmers. They would only produce as much food and supplies needed to support their families
Drastic increase of population in urban area's due to job opportunities; migrated from the rural areas into the urban areas that were in the process of industrialisation
Most factory based companies were in great need to find workers meant that most families that migrated were fortunate enough to get a job
Parents would bring their children into the work force as their small bodies could fit in-between machines
This also became a problem as many children as young as six years old were payed either nothing or only a small amount compared to the hours in which they worked
It wasn’t until 1833 that the Factory Act changed the working conditions for young children
whilst 86% of workers were above the age of 14, that still left 14% of all workers in factories under the age of 14 years (around 59,600 people in the U.S)
NEW IDEAS
AGRARIAN REVOLUTION
A new system was thought of to rotate crops to improve the quality of soil; crops grow faster and more efficiently if the soil is full of nutrients and replenishments
As crop sizes grew the land ownership began to change, the wealthy people would create more farms- providing more resources, money, produce in markets and the crop owner’s income
new crops were mass produced such as corn and potatoes as they were easy to farm
Image of soil rotation
People change their lifestyles by increasing their yearly crop yield to allow them to sell their produce at markets for money or other goods, rather than only farming the amounts of produce that was required to support themselves
CAPATILISM
the most effective system in existence as people now traded and sold items, resources and products for their own personal gain, rather than giving part or all that money to the estate owner
Before capitalism in England, they used the feudal system
The Feudal system was when the King and Queen owned all the land in his/ her kingdom, meaning that all the people living within these estates were the King and/or Queens property
The merchants and serfs (the lower classed people) were required to work for the estate in order to live in the houses in the villages
The average life expectancy doubled during the industrial revolution as people could afford to buy a range of different materials and products
Therefore, this trading began making people sick, requiring new medicines to cure the people before they died
INVENTORS
James Hargreaves- 1720 – 14/4/1778
Invented the Spinning Jenny
Image of the spinning Jenny
In 1767, he developed the spinning Jenny wheel from a basic vertical thread weaver into a horizontal positioned machine that was capable of spinning up to eight threads at one time
His family could not afford to send him to school for an education; he taught himself to read and write
James Watt- 19/01/1736 – 28/8/1819
Invented the first reliable and sustainable steam engine
First began working/ improving the steam engine (Thomas Newcomen's invention) in 1765
Image of steam engine
Between 1775-1800 Mathew Boulton and James Watt produced more than 200 steam engines
Matthew Boulton was James Watt's partner for many years
Thomas Newcomen developed the first practical but not sustainable steam engine in 1712; James Watt based his improvements off of Thomas’ invention
ENTREPRENEURS
machinery would replace human labour as it was easier, cheaper and more reliable
Successful entrepreneurs
George Stephenson
created the first public railway line between Liverpool and Manchester (steam locomotives)
Many railways today still use his rail gauge (the spacing/ placement of railroad tracks)
Steam Locomotive
John Kay
Doubled the speed of work by weavers and spinners using his flying shuttle
His invention and business became an important part of the expansion of the British empire as it created more opportunities for trade around the world
John Kay's Flying Shuttle with weaving loom
The lack of Government restriction towards the opening of businesses (no laws to structure each workforce environment) allowed many small businesses to start
led to development of factories- cheap labour; employed people in large quantities
TECHNOLOGICAL ADVANCES
John Kay
the flying shuttle was invented by John Kay
This invention allowed weavers to work twice as fast as their original working speed
In 1908, 129 years after John Kays death the people from Bury (John’s home town) decided to create something in name of him and his invention- The Kay Gardens Memorial
Image of the flying shuttle
At first weavers and spinners from industries saw the flying shuttle as a threat to their jobs, and it was, as it would replace human labour with once again machinery
Inventors create new technology that improved the quality and the speed of production
It is said that the inventions made during the industrial revolution timeframe made the world the way it is as it was the scaffolding of our industrialization today
water powered flour mill
Image of the water powered flour mill
They were in great demand during the industrial revolution as they could turn corn and grains into flour- hence the name “Water powered flower mill”
the population in Britain during the industrial revolution doubled, meaning that there were more mouths to feed
Over time the mills became less useful as other machines took its place
As many people began eager to have flour the mill workers were pushed through stressful work as there became a flour shortage
This was mostly because the 1815 corn laws stated that only limited numbers of corn may be imported from America and Russia to stop competition on local farmers’ crops
Eventually in 1846 the corn laws were removed and mill workers continually imported corn from other countries
COMPETITION BETWEEN EMPIRES
In the mid 1700’s when the industrial revolution first began Britain was the world’s largest empire; its colonies made up one quarter of the land in the world
Britain drew idea’s and resources from other colonies in order to make their economy stronger and larger
Most goods/ resources were natural products, however cloths and timber were occasionally traded between empires
This caused competition between blacksmiths from both towns and farms as the demand for horseshoes inclined due to more goods transported; horse’s shoes get damaged and therefore new ones are required
Image of sugar- from Jamaica
Image of Coffee
As many people moved from rural areas to the urban city this also meant that many people were migrating from other colonies and empires
The outcome was that people now had competition for jobs as the population continued to rise
FINANCES
As many entrepreneurs became successful and many people began using money after the ‘Agrarian Revolution’ the use of banking became a popular option
The first bank in England was the central bank of England created by William Orange to fund major events like wars
Image of The Central Bank Of England
The central bank of England also held the gold of many foreigners
Before 1750 money made of paper was used in England however, Gold and Silver coins were used for large sales whilst copper coins were used in the farms and markets as a trade for other resources/ produce
In 1760 there was a total of 12 banks in England
Due to the population increase it caused the payment for labour down; making it easier for companies to employ more workers
Most industries were struggling with financial issues as the price for canals, building materials, factories and railways all began to rise
Therefore they would require a loan or fund from these banks to kick start their company
DEMAND FOR CLOTHING
Due to drastic population increase more clothing was required to fit the community
Therefore, the spinning Jenny was helpful as it allowed more thread to be spun in an equivalent timeframe, which allowed the cloth industry to expand at a quicker rate
clothes and textiles were made a faster and more reliable pace
Many steam engine powered factories would be in demand for clothing items as many of the young workers were orphans; orphans who had no clothing or shelter
factories would often exchange shelter, food and clothing for orphans who would work within the most dangerous parts of machinery
most of these children were not given all or any of these promises (shelter, food and clothing)
Many children died in factories; by punishments by older workers (being late or refusing to work)
Primary source- “The smallest child in the factories were scavengers……they go under the machine, while it is going……….it is very dangerous when they first come, but they become used to it. ”Charles Aberdeen worked in a Manchester cotton factory, written in 1832
