Climate: The average weather conditions in an area over a long period of time: Rainfall, Temperature, Humidity, Atmospheric Pressure, Wind Patterns
Geographic Features
Surface / Air Interactions
Topographic Features
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Mountains
The Orographic Effect (Image)
Elevation:
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Proximity to Water
Oceans 
Lakes
Valleys
Surface Cover
Forests
Cities
Ice/Snow
Ocean Currents (Image): The temperature of the air in coastal areas is often affected by the surface temperature of the water.
Coastal areas have unique climates because of their interaction with the ocean. See why here: (Simulation)
Islands are completely surrounded by water. How might that affect their climate?
The Lake Effect (Video)
Geographic Location
Latitude: The angular distance north or south of the earth's equator
Longitude: The angular distance of a place east or west from the prime meridian (Greenwich, England)
Sunlight
Temperature 🔥 Latitude affects the amount of heat a region gets from the sun because of the tilt of the earth and the number of hours of sunlight
Orographic Lift (VIDEO)
The Rain Shadow
Temperature 🔥 High elevation=colder Low elevation = warmer
Precipitation ✅ Many islands experience high levels of precipitation
Temperature 🔥 Temperature on islands is affected dramatically by surface temperature of the ocean around it
Precipitation ✅ Coastal areas can receive more rainfall than other regions, particularly if there are mountain ranges close by {SEE THE OROGRAPHIC EFFECT}
Humidity 🏁 Due to the close proximity so much water, humidity is high near the coast because of a large amount of evaporation.
Temperature 🔥 Temperatures near the coast are regulated by sea surface temperatures. This makes coastal areas warmer in the winter and cooler in the summer than other areas nearby, but further inland
Temperature 🔥 When the water circulating near a landmass is warm, it will warm the air, which will then blow on land. The opposite is true is the water is cold.
Humidity 🏁 Islands have high humidity because of their proximity to so much water
Atmospheric Pressure 💥 Atmospheric pressure is lower at high elevations
Humidity 🏁 Lower at high elevations
Humidity 🏁 When there are warmer currents near landmass, the humidity is higher because of increased evaporation
Precipitation ✅ When a region is in the prevailing wind direction of evaporation from a lake, the area experiences increased precipitation, particularly in the winter
Atmospheric Circulation (IMAGE)
Atmospheric Pressure 🏁
Wind Patterns ❤
Precipitation ✅
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Temperature Inversion
The "Heat Island Effect"
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Temperature 🔥 Dark surfaces like forests absorb light and heat, making them more hot. Light surfaces like Ice and Snow reflect light and heat, making them cooler.
Humidity 🏁 Areas with more vegetation experience more evaporation, and thus more humidity
Temperature: The 🔥 Orographic lift can influence temperatures of the wayward side of the mountain because of the temperature of the air
Precipiation ✅ The orographic effect causes one side of mountains to experience more rainfall than others.