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GEE Group 7 (Question 3 (a. 3 important types of exposure to currency…
GEE Group 7
Question 3
a. 3 important types of exposure to currency exchange rate fluctuations:
Transaction Exposure
Embraer Case (Question 1)
Translation Exposure
In 2015 Apple reported a record revenues of $15.4 billion, however in absence of foreign exchange volatility it would be 4% higher according to Apple's CFO
Economic Exposure
Stanley Black & Decker
b.i. how the current exchange rate between ¥ and $ will get adjusted according to Law of One Price?
Result: D$ increases --> $ appreciates; S¥ increases --> ¥ depreciates --> exchange rate adjusted
People will do this: In NP convert ¥32 : to $8; Buy in SP stick for $8 --> arbitrage $2 or ¥8
b.i. What will be the adjusted exchange rate between currencies?
40/Pusd = 8 --> Pusd = 40/8 = 5 Yen --> exchange rate will be 5 Yen for 1 USD
b.ii. What would the Fisher effect imply about the
expected difference in inflation rates ?
in=rn+In......
is=rs+Is......*
in-is=4%
rn=rs-->In-Is=4%
b.ii. Expected effect on the exchange rate between and ¥ and $
PPP theory: ¥ depreciates by 4%
Question 1
b. Takeaways about forward market
Currency hedging is beneficial if a firm's currency appreciates in value. In Embraer's case, the real depreciates however the contract locked the firm into a much high real to usd exchange rate.
Fluctuations in the foreign exchange market greatly impacts profitability of issurances.
It not only provide insurance, but also imposes new risks
b. Could losses be prevented?
Factoring(transfer the risks to factor)
Agreement On Exchange Guarantees(both sides agree to adjust sum of money in proportion in the process )
Backwards thinking, of course, how ever it was their business decision that failed because of unpredictable circumstances
a. Alternative options rather than forward contracts
Price its aircraft in real(assume transaction between US and Brazil; feasible? )
Use lead and lag strategies
Pay suppliers later (if real appreciates, you'll pay less)
Collect payments from customer earlier (receive $ later and convert to real)
Deposit revenue in US bank in US dollor
Disperse production to different location
b. Agree with decision to stop using forwards?
Don't agree, it's not forward's fault, they are just a tool, that should be used properly
Agree, forwards provide insurance against appreciation, however limit firm's profits potential from depreciation. when a market is so volatile as Brazilian it might not be worthy
Unless a firm has valid reason to believe that their currency will greatly appreciate between the contract period, a forward may not work in their favor, as with Embraer's case
Question 2
b. Why Abe's policy helped drive down the yen value and what was the mechanism?
Central Bank of Japan purchases government securities --> More liquidity in the market (more Yens) --> Supply of Yen increases faster than increase in output --> inflation (money supply and price inflation)--> Yen depreciation (according to PPP Theory)
a. What drove an increase of yen value?
Financial institutions sold dollar-denominated assets and bought yen-->Demand in yen increased-->yen value increased
Financial crisis in the US --> Lower interest rates in the US --> Carry trade is profitable no more --> Less Supply of Yen --> Appreciation of Yen
c. Who benefits for devaluation of the yen?
Abe's government - promised to depreciate and did it
Exporters in Japan (like Toyota)
c. Who suffers from devaluation of the yen?
Long-term thinkers, who afraid from reaction of other countries
Japan's importers
Common citizens of Japan because they suffer from the higher price level