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TENDON + LIGAMENTS: FORM + FUNCTION (Tendon (Features: (Some have…
TENDON + LIGAMENTS: FORM + FUNCTION
Tendinopathies highly prevalent
Major welfare concern
Tendon Healing:
Slow
Low metabolic activity
Low cell count
Low oxygen consumption need
Low ischaemia risk
Formation of scar tissue
Stiffer
Often stronger
RE-injury common
Function:
Load bearing
Connective tissue
Tendon
Types:
Extendors (bear loads)
Flexors (store energy)
Positional
Stiff
Function:
Transmit tensile force
Mechanisms:
Bony pully
Return to original length
Size:
Short broad (short range of action)
Large muscles
Long thin (long range/ distal)
Fine muscle movements
Features:
Some have bursa/synovial sheath to reduce friction
Fluid pockets
Endotenon:
Contains blood vessels, nerves, lymph
Epitenon
Connective tissue layer binds endotenon together
Paratenon:
Superficial to epitenon aids gliding mechanism and repair (blood vessel route)
Ligament
Function:
Join:
Bone to cartilage
Bone to bone
Skeleton stabilisation
Joint stabilisation
Proprioception
(Ability to understand position of body part)
Hierarchical structure:
Triple helical collagen
Collagen fibril
Collagen fibre
Fascicle
Tendon unit
Pogo-stick model
Equine superficial digital flexor tendon
Elastic energy store for efficient locomotion
High stress
Terminology:
Stress
Load experienced per unit cross-sectional area
Strain
% change in tendon length under load
Hysterises
Difference in energy during loading and unloading
Creep
Increasing deformation under constant load
Injury:
Traumatic
Tendon
Cause:
Overuse
Overstrain
Dislocation
Ligament
Cause:
Quick direction change
Bad landing
Overstretching
Atraumatic
Degenerative + chronic
Cause
Aging
Genetic
Repetetive exercise
Loss of homeostasis
Low cell count to maintain