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Cartilage and bone (FIRST AID 426 - clinical correlate (osteitis deformans…

- - - - medical conditions
    - - Fragility fx of hip or vertebra
  - - - thickened, dense bones prone to fracture
      - Bone fills narrow space
        
        cranial nerve compression and palsies - narrowed foramina
  - - - metaphyseal cupping/fraying
      - epiphyseal widening
      - bow legs in children
      - chraniotabes
      - rachitic rosary
  - - - medial circumflex femoral artery
        
        CAST Bent LEGS
- - - - flat bones of the calvarium and facial bones
      - primitive mesenchyme can give rise directly to bone
      - growth in thickness of dense cortical bone on the surface of bones
    - - formed on the template of preexisting hyaline cartilage
        
        Epiphyseal growth
        
        Hypertrophy zone
        
        Hypertrophic chondrocytes produce type X collagen > Apoptosis - Deep to the prolif. zone
        
        Proliferating zone
        
        proliferating chondrocytes, form clones aligned in columns parallel to the long axis of the bone - middle zone
        
        Reserve zone
        
        chondrocytes at the epiphyseal end of the growth plate
      - long bones of the extremities, vertebrae, bones of the pelvis, base of the skull
      - In adults woven bone occurs on Paget disease and Fxs.
      - Deficient on achondroplasia
        
        constitutive activation of FGFR3 -> (-) chondrocyte proliferation
        
        most common cause of dwarfism
    - - Estrogen
        
        (+) Osteoclasts apoptosis
        
        (-) Osteoblasts apoptosis
        
        Surgical or postmenopausal estrogen deficiency - Osteoporosis
      - PTH
        
        ++ levels - 1st hyperparathyroidism
        
        catabolic effects
        
        osteitis fibrosa cystica
        
        -- or intermitent levels
        
        anabolic effects on osteoblasts and osteoclasts
- - - - new cells added from the outer perichondrium. WIDTH
    - - chondrocytes embedded deep within the cartilage produce + ECM. LENGTH
  - - - bone formation during embryogenesis, synovial joints, nose, larynx, respiratory tract
      - rich in HA, CS, KS, ++water,
      - shock absorber
      - Clinical correlate
        
        Rheumatoid arthritis - ankylosis
        
        454 Gout - uric acid crystals in joints: thiazide diuretics AHT
      - surrounded by perichondrium: Stem Cells Chondroid precursor cells + fibroblasts
    - - Tensile strength
      - IV discs, menisci, attatchment of ligaments and tendons
      - :red_cross:perichondrium, less water
    - - elastic fibers + II
        
        ear, Auditory canal, epiglottis