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Cardiac electrophysiology (pathophysiology of the heart (Arrhythmias (AF,…
Cardiac electrophysiology
ECG
P Waves - SA node action potential, depolarisation and contraction of atria. Systole.
QRS Complex - Q wave signal goes from AV node to bundle of HIS to Purkinje fibers. R wave - contraction of the left ventricle. S wave- contraction of the right ventricle.
T wave - ventricles relax - diastole
Cardiac muscle - myocytes
Autorhythmic
No resting potential - 1% of cardiac cells
Funny Channel - Na+ and K leaks in - remaining at -60mv and polarising to -40mv (Pacemaker potential).
Ca2+ channels open - depolarising to 20mv.
K+ channels open and K rushes out to repolarise
Sympathetic and parasympathetic fibres can speed up and slow HR.
Rhythmicity is generation of regular action potential by the SA node.
Contractile cells
No threshold
Contains myofibrils - Depolarise only by stimuli - SR stores Ca2+ - Resting at -90mv.
Cardiac muscle
Pericardium
Myocardium
Endocardium
Cardiac output
Stroke volume
Preload
Venous return
End-diastolic volume
Afterload
Aortic pressure
Aortic valve function
Contractility
End-diastolic volume
Sympathetic stimuli
Myocardial oxygen supply
Heart rate
Central nervous system
Autonomic nervous system
Neural reflexes
Atrial receptors
Hormones
pathophysiology of the heart
STEMI - ST elevation myocardial infarction
Ischaemia
cardiac arrest
Coronary heart disease
Angina
Aneurysm
Thrombus
Embolism
Peripheral artery disease
Congenital heart disease
Aortic stenosis
Arrhythmias
AF
VF
SVT
VT