Please enable JavaScript.

Coggle requires JavaScript to display documents.

Social influence (Obedience (complying with the demands of an authority…

- - - - Milgram: Many participants were under a moral strain, but felt that they had to obey the authority figure
    - - Milgram: Some participants focused totally on the task at hand and ignored the distress of the learner, showing no signs of distress, suggesting that they recognised the authority of the person giving the order
  - - - Proximity: Means participants were less able to remain distant from the consequences of their actions
        
        Milgram found that when the teacher and learner were in the same room, obedience declined to 40%
      - Location: This can add or detract from the amount of perceived authority
        
        Milgram performed a variation of his study in an office block and found obedience declined to 47.5%
      - Uniform: Adds to the perceived amount of authority
        
        Bickman found that ordering people to pick up rubbish or loan a coin was obeyed 38% when in a security guard's uniform compared to 19% when wearing civilian clothes
    - - Dispositional explanation: Behaviour is caused by the internal characteristics of individuals
      - The authoritarian personality: A person who holds rigid beliefs, is intolerant of ambiguity, submissive to authority and hostile to those of lower status or members of an out-group
        
        Elms and Milgram found that obedient participants in Milgram's study scored higher on the F-scale than disobedient participants
- - - - E.G. Saying you like football because the rest of your group do
    - - E.G. The army
    - - E.G. Religion
  - - - Jenness:Used a jellybean jar and got people to make an individual estimate, a group estimate, and then another individual estimate; found the second private estimate moved towards the group estimate and women conformed more
    - - Asch: Tested conformity to obviously wrong answers using lines and found that 32% of his participants conformed to wrong answers across all 12 trials
      - Mori and Arai: Conducted an experiment similar to Asch but used vision altering glasses instead of confederates to eliminate issues of internal validity and eliminated gender sampling bias - findings were similar to Asch's although the size of the majority did not affect the answers, unlike in Asch's variation studies
  - - - Size of group
        
        Asch: Conformity rates rose from 13% with one confederate to 32% with three confederates #
      - Unanimity
        
        Asch: If one confederate went against the other confederates, conformity dropped to 5.5%, and even when the rebel did not agree with the participant, conformity still dropped to 9% #
      - Task difficulty
        
        Asch: Participants were more likely to conform to wrong answers when the lines were made more similar, thereby increasing difficulty
    - - Gender
      - Mood
      - Culture (Individualist or collectivist)
- - - - Martin et al found that when participants were allowed time to consider the order, they were less likely to obey
    - - Milgram reported that one participant who did not completely obey said in a post-study that he didn't obey because he was a vicar, and he was obeying a "higher authority" instead, so his religious morality helped him resist the authority figure
    - - Oliner and Oliner found that those who had sheltered Jews during WWII reported an upbringing that stressed the social norm of helping others and empathy
- - - - Moscovici: Investigated the role of a minority influence through a colour test and found that 32% of the majority agreed with a consistent minority at least once throughout the study and a 1.25% in the unconsistent minority condition
    - - Nemeth: A group had to decide how much compensation to pay a victim and when the confederate minority acted consistently but refused to change his position, he had no effect on the majority, but when he compromised the majority lowered their amount