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Meristems, primary and secondary growth of plant cells in shoots and roots

- - - - in most eudicots, xylem is starlike in appearance with phloem between the "arms"
      - the ground tissue, mostly parenchyma cells, fills cortex, region between vascular cylinder and epidermis
        
        innermost layer of cortex = endodermis
        
        regulates passage of substances from soil into vascular cylinder
      - root tip is covered by root cap = protects apical meristem as root pushes through soil
    - - zone of cell division
      - zone of elongation
      - zone of differentiation or maturation
  - - - a shoot apical meristem is a dome shaped-mass of dividing cells at the shoot tip
      - axillary buds develop from merismatic cells at the bases of leaf primordia
        
        give rise to lateral shoots #
- - - - adds layers of vascular tissues called secondary xylem (wood) and secondary phloem
    - - replaces epidermis with periderm (thicker and tougher)
- - - - palisade mesophyll in upper part of leaf
      - spongy mesophyll in lower part of the leaf
        
        spongy arrangement allows for gas exchange