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Biology Chapter 11 (Polymerase chain reaction (PCR) (STEPS:
90-95°C:…
Biology Chapter 11
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Gel electrophloresis
Things involved
Molecular weight ladder: a sample of DNA that has been cut to known lengths.
Standards: the standard consists of fragments of known length
they are used to estimate the size of the samples.
Are standards the same as molecular weight ladders?
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Dye - 2 pigments, one moves slower than DNA and one moves faster - tells you when to turn off PCR off
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Practice question (how DNA works): Explain why the DNA of each individual produces a different pattern of fragments after gel electrophoresis, even when the same restriction enzyme is used.
DNA of individuals is different, therefore will be cut at different places and produce fragments of different length.
STEPS:
- DNA is negatively charged beacuse it contains a negatively charged phosphate group.
- Small pieces move through the gel pores more easily.
DNA probes
- enable the DNA to be seen
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Question 4
β-cells in the human pancreas produce insulin. mRNA transcripts from these cells can be used to produce complementary (cDNA) copies of the active gene.
The enzyme needed to produce cDNA from an mRNA transcript is reverse transcriptase.
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