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Development Dynamics Topic 2, GCSE Geography (Definitions (Rich/ South…

- - - - The total value of goods and services a country produces in a year. It is often given in US$.
        
        Usually divded into quintiles.
    - - GDP divided by the total population.
    - - No of live babies born per 1000 of the population per year.
    - - No of deaths per 1000 population per year.
    - - No of babies who die < 1yr per 1000 babies born.
    - - Average no of people for each doctor.
    - - Percentage of adults who can read and write.
    - - Percentage of people that can get clean drinking water.
    - - Average age a person can expect to live to.
    - - Number calculated using L.E., L.R. and IMR.
    - - Average No of calories eaten per day.
    - - No calculated using L.E., L.R., Education Level and GDP per Capita.
        
        0 to 1 scale. From lowest to highest.
- - - - MEDCs are mostly in the Northern Hemispere, called the 'global north' or HICs (High Income Countries).
      - LEDCs are mostly in the Southern Hemisphere,called the 'global south', or LICs (Low Income Countries).
- - - - Southern Hemisphere
      - Africa
      - Between Equator and Tropic of Capricorn
      - Is landlocked
    - - Landlocked
        
        No port
        
        Less import/ export
        
        One railway
        
        Only link to trade
        
        Very slow trade
        
        Expensive
      - Poverty
        
        Hungry
        
        1.2m people facing hunger
        
        Money
        
        66% live on < $1 per day
        
        Healthcare
        
        Expensive to go to hospital
      - Disease
        
        HIV/AIDS
        
        Main cause of death
        
        Orphan rate increase
        
        2009: 1/2m orphans lost parents to AIDS
        
        Overcrowded orphans
        
        Children grow up too quick
        
        Unaware kids
        
        Low L.E
        
        No contraceptives
        
        Less working people
        
        Debt
        
        High cost drugs
      - Economy
        
        Debt
        
        Importing more than exporting
        
        2nd poorest country in the world
        
        Primary Sector
        
        80% of pop in farming
        
        Dependent on cash crops
      - Culture
        
        Family planning is off-limits
        
        Talking about sex was taboo
        
        Believe in witchcraft
        
        Uneducated chiefs
    - - Tea
        
        Plantations have British owners
        
        Profits go to MEDCs
        
        Hire landless laborers/ subsistence farmers
        
        Pay 1p per kg of tea leaves
        
        Average price is £1.75 (selling)
        
        Supermarkets gain 800x the price paid to farmers
      - Coffee
        
        Need to pay a 7.5% tax to import roasted beans
        
        Is cheaper for TNCs to roast at home
  - - - Bottom Up
        
        Biogas plants
        
        Rural areas use biomass and convert it into gas by trapping the methane given off and then diverting it to people's homes. It's super sustainable.
      - Top Down
        
        Sardar Sarovar Dam
        
        Cons
        
        Silt bought by river will reduce reservoir's capacity
        
        Religious sites flooded
        
        History of seismological activity
        
        234 villages/ 230000 people moved
        
        Submerged farmland
        
        Fertile sediment lost
        
        Irrigation increases soil salinity, so its less usable
        
        Pros
        
        1.8m hectares are irrigated in drier regions
        
        Really tall
        
        Multi-purpose
        
        3.5bn litres of drinking water
        
        1450MW of HEP
        
        Distribution of areas lacking water
    - - Fuelwood
      - Lack of education
      - Time
    - - Asia
      - Isn't landlocked
      - BRICS/NIC
      - Emerging economy
      - 2050 prediction: 2nd largest economy
      - Economy average growth is 7% per year since 1997.
    - - Containerization - they are efficient, the UK imports textiles and footwear like this.
      - Aircraft Technology - more expensive, yet imports items 70x more valuable i.e. jewelry, fresh fruit.
      - Shipping - ships transport 90% of goods.
    - - Software Development
      - Company Administration
      - Call Centers
    - - Brahmins/ Priests
      - Kshtriyas/ Warriors, rulers
      - Vaisyas/ Skilled traders, merchants, minor officials
      - Sudras/ Unskilled workers
      - Pakiahs(Harijans)/ Outcasts, untouchables, kids of God
- - - - Stage 2: Pre-Conditions for Take Off
        
        There is a shift from farming to manufacturing. Trade increases profits, which are invested into new industries and infrastructure. Farming can now produce cash crops.
        
        Example: Sri Lanka
        
        Primary to Secondary Sector
      - Stage 3: Take Off
        
        Growth is rapid. Investment and tech creates new manufacturing industries. Take Off requires investment from overseas trade.
        
        Example: Singapore
        
        NIC/ BRICS, Secondary to Tertiary Sector
      - Stage 1: The Traditional Society
        
        Most people work in agriculture/ farming, but produce little surplus (cash crops). They are subsistence farmers.
        
        Example: Mali
        
        LEDC
      - Stage 4: The Drive to Maturity
        
        A period of growth. tech is used throughout the economy. Industry produce consumer goods.
        
        Example: China
        
        Tertiary to Quaternary Sector
      - Stage 5: High Mass Consumption
        
        A period of comfort. People enjoy a wide range of goods and services and have a good quality of life. They can spend money on luxuries.
        
        Example: Australia
        
        MEDC
    - - Assumes all other factors are the same
      - Overlooks development
      - Is oversimplified
  - - - The periphery (developing countries) sell low-value raw materials to the core.
      - The core (developed countries) processes them into high-value goods and becomes wealthy.
  - - - Pre Industrial to Industrial
        
        Country increases wealth and factories are built, secondary jobs increase.
        
        Industrialisation
      - Pre Industrial
        
        Most people live off the land and work in the primary sector.
        
        Example: Burkina Faso
      - Industrial
        
        Country is manufacturing many of the world's goods as secondary jobs peak.
        
        Primary sector continues to decline as not enough money in this type of work.
        
        Example: China/ Mexico
      - Industrial to Post Industrial
        
        Many factory workers lose their jobs.
        
        Tertiary jobs increase as services are needed for factory workers.
        
        Deindustrialisation
      - Post Industrial
        
        New jobs in hi tech are created due to a country's wealth, increasing wealth further.
        
        UK/ USA
- - - - Pros
        
        Jobs
        
        Employment
        
        Investment in infrastructure
        
        FDI
        
        Becoming skilled
      - Cons
        
        Exploitation
        
        People
        
        Natural Resources
        
        Poor working conditions
        
        Little reinvestment
        
        Sweatshops
    - - NIKE
        
        HQ: Oregon, USA.
        
        700,000 contract workers in 700 factories.
        
        Plants worldwide
        
        124 in China
        
        73 in Thailand
        
        35 in South Korea
        
        34 in Vietnam
        
        75% of workforce is in Asia.
        
        Effects
        
        Unhuman conditions
        
        Open sewers
        
        No access to food/ water/ medication
        
        Rats/ cockroaches
        
        $1.25 per day
        
        No future
        
        Overcrowded houses
        
        Local mafia paid to keep workers quiet
        
        No childhood
        
        Dirty houses
  - - - Mostly secondary sector.
      - Mass production.
      - Some job specific skills, but mainly unskilled.
      - Lower wages.
    - - Innovation and ideas.
      - Tertiary and Quaternary sector.
      - High wages.
        
        Minimum wage.
        
        Living wage.
        
        Allowances based on location.
      - Skilled workers.
  - - - Developed Countries
        
        Larger percent of profit
        
        Outsourcing jobs
        
        No minimum wage
        
        FDI
        
        Consumers benefit
        
        Wide range of products
        
        Competition lowers prices
        
        Free trade
      - Developing Countries
        
        Free trade
        
        Financial growth
        
        NGOs control process
        
        Increase in living standards
        
        Economic growth
    - - Developed Countries
        
        Unemployment at home
        
        More people on benefits
        
        No compensation to the MEDC from TNCs
      - Developing Countries
        
        Globalisation operates in the interests of MEDCs
        
        LEDCs are being taken advantage of because of cheap raw materials
        
        FDI doesn't always help the locals
        
        TNCs often keep profit to themselves
        
        Local businesses are out of business
        
        No working unions
        
        Pollute the environment
        
        Exploitation
        
        No safety regulations
        
        Threatens the culture
- - - - Natural disasters
      - War and conflict
      - Climate change
      - Global recession
      - Deflation/ Inflation
- - - - Narrower at base
        
        Lower birth rates
      - Wide at top
        
        Longer L.E.
      - Wider in the middle
        
        Longer L.E.
        
        Less IMR
  - - - Narrow at top
        
        Small proportion of elderly
      - Wide at base
        
        Large proportion of youth
- - - - Rich poor divide
      - Corruption
      - Rejection of aid
      - Unequal resources
      - Socioeconomic status
      - Import tariffs
      - Subsidies of MEDC products
      - Poor infrastructure
      - Trade mispricing
    - - No rainfall
      - Drought
    - - Poverty
      - Unequal employment
      - Poor healthcare
      - Low education level
      - War
      - Lack of reliable energy
      - Lack of skills
      - Unstable Government
      - Gender inequality
      - Colonialism
      - Empire
    - - HIV/ AIDS
    - - Landlocked
- - - - Large Scale
      - Advanced
      - Expensive
      - Loans from WB/ TNCs/ MEDCs
      - Decisions by government
      - Local people rarely involved
      - Sustainable in long term
      - Complex tech
  - - - Experts and/or NGOs work with locals
      - Local people have a say/ control
      - Small scale
      - Reliant on donations
      - Unsustainable in long term
      - Basic tech
      - Availability of unskilled work