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Week 2 Notes: Macromolecules (Carbon Bonding (Function Groups: The…
Week 2 Notes: Macromolecules
Carbon Bonding
Function Groups:
The components of organic molecules that are most commonly involved in chemical reactions
Hydroxyl group:
hydrogen atom is bonded to a oxygen atom -->
Called alcohols
Water molecules are attracted to the hydroxyl group
and this helps dissolve organic compounds containing such groups (Sugar's solubility--> presence of hydroxyl groups)
Carbonyl Group:
carbon atoms joined an oxygen atom by a double bond.
Aldehyde
--name of compound if attached on the end of a carbon skeleton
Ketone
: not attached to a skeleton
Carboxyl group:
Oxygen atom is double bonded to a carbon atom that is also bonded to a hydroxyl group
Carboxylic acids:
compounds containing a carboxyl group
Sulfhdryl group:
Sulfur atom bonded with Hydrogen atom
Thiols:
compounds found in sulfhdryl group
Can interact to help
stabilize
the intricate structure of many
proteins
Phosphate group:
Phosphate ion attached by one of its oxygen atoms to a carbon skeleton
Transfers energy
between organic molecules
Cells harness the
transfer of phosphate
groups to perform work like
contraction of muscle cells
Quick Summary:
Life exists due to the combination of carbon, hydrogen, oxygen, phosphorus, sulfur and nitrogen. Because of their molecular structure they “get along” to make new functioning units.
Amino Group:
nitrogen atom bonded to two hydrogen atoms and to the carbon skeleton
Amines:
organic compounds in amino group
Lipids
Generally
not soluble in water
Hydrophobic:
b/c the non polar carbon hydrogen bonds in the fatty acids
Can
store energy
, part of membranes, waterproof covering
Fats:
made from glycerol and fatty acids
Fatty acids:
attached to a carbon skeleton (head: carboxyl group; tail hydrocarbon)
Proteins
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50% of the dry weight of most cells
Used for structure support, storage, transport, signaling, movement, defense
Accelerates chemical reactions as enzymes
Are all polymers
(polypeptides)
constructed from the
same set of 20 amino acids
Carbohydrates
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Sugars
(Smallest carbohydrates) serve as fuel and carbon sources
Glucose:
Most common monosaccharides
Polysaccharides:
hundred to a thousand monosaccharides joined by
glycosidic linkages
Serves as s
tructure in plant cells
(example: cellulose)
Animals
store glycogen
(a polymer of glucose); humans in liver and muscle cells
Serves as storage material to
provide sugar for cells
Nucleic Acids
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Transmits genetic information
Two types:
DNA & RNA