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(((((DESCRIPTIVE TECHNIQUES.. THESE METHODS PROVIDE DIFFERENT WAYS TO…

- - - - DESCRIPTIVE TECHNIQUES.. THESE METHODS PROVIDE DIFFERENT WAYS TO DESCRIBE BEHAVIOUR, WITHOUT ANY ATTEMPT TO INTERFERE WITH THE BEHAVIOUR UNDER STUDY.
        
        SURVEYS
        
        TYPES OF SURVEYS
        
        3.TELEPHONE INTERVIEWS
        
        2.PERSONAL INTERVIEWS
        
        1.MAIL SURVEYS
        
        STEPS IN CONDUCTING A SURVEY
        
        4.PRESENTING THE FACTS
        
        LAST STAGE SIGNIFICANT FACTS N COMPARISONS ARE HIGHLIGHTED
        
        3.ANALYSING THE FACTS
        
        EDITING, CLASSIFYING, CODIFYING DATA
        
        COLLECTING THE FACTORS.
        
        UNDERTAKES FIELD WORK, MAINTAIN GOOD RAPPORT WITH RESPONDENTS
        
        PLANNING A SURVEY.. IT SHOULD BE PREFERABLY ASSIGNED TO A COMMITTEE, (COMPRISED REPRESENTATIVES OF VARIOUS COMMUNITY ORGS N AGENCIES)
        ROLE: WINNING COOPERATION N ACCEPTANCE FROM COMMUNITY.
        PLAN CONSISTS OF
        
        6.PREPARATION OF A QUESTIONNAIRE/SCHEDULE N SELECTION, TRAINING AND SUPERVISION OF FIELD INVESTIGATORS.
        
        5.DETERMINATION OF SAMPLE
        
        4.ARRANGEMENT OF PUBLICITY
        
        3.PREPARATION OF WORK SCHEDULE N BUDGET
        
        2.KNOWLEDGE ABOUT SIMILAR STUDIES
        
        1.STATEMENT OF OBJECTIVE
        
        IT CONCERNED WITH
        CONDITIONS OR RELATIONSHIP THAT EXIST,
        OPINIONS THAT ARE HELD,
        PROCESSES THAT ARE GOING ON,
        EFFECTS THAT ARE EVIDENT,
        TRENDS THAT ARE DEVELOPING ETC
        
        THE RESEARCHER SIMPLY COLLECTS DATA ABOUT PSYCHOLOGICAL N SOCIOLOGICAL VARIABLES OR CHARACTERISTICS OF A SAMPLE THAT REPRESENTS A KNOWN POPULATION IN NATURAL SETTINGS.
        THEY RARELY STUDY WHOLE POPULATION
        
        CASE HISTORY R STUDY
        
        5.LIMITATION: A) THE PROCEDURE IS UNLIKELY TO SUPPLY CONCLUSIVE EVIDENCE FOR THE HYPOTHESIS TESTING OF A SPECIFIC THEORETICAL VIEW POINT.
        
        ADVANTAGE: a) indepth description of individuals that can be useful for further speculation n theorizing, b) richness of hypothesis that can be generated
        
        UTILITY:
        a} it is chosen research procedure when a particular case is unique., to study unusual cases.
        b) useful to illustrate theoretical points or therapeutic techniques.
        
        DATA ARE ACCUMULATED IN A SERIES OF INTERVIEWS, GENERALLY GATHERED WITH IN A THERAPEUTIC SETTING.
        REPEATED OBSERVATIONS, PERSONS OWN FEELINGS N BEHAVIOR SELF REPORTS,
        
        DETAILED STUDY OF A SINGLE INDIVIDUAL'S BEHAVIOUR OVER AN EXTENDED PERIOD OF TIME.
        
        2.NATURALISTIC OBSERVATION
        
        NATURALISTIC OBESERVATION WITH INTERVENTION,,, INVOLVE HIGHER DEGREE OF CONTROL BY THE RESEARCHER THAN NATURALISTI OBSERVATION
        
        2.STRUCTURED NATURALISTIC OBSERVATION
        
        RESEARCHER INTERVENES IN THE NORMAL FLOW OF EVENTS BY CREATING A STANDARD SITUATION FOR ALL SUBJECTS N THEN OBSERVES THE RESULTS.
        
        PARTICIPANT OBSERVATION
        
        DISADVANTAGES:
        
        OBSERVER PURPOSEFULLY INTERACT WITH SUBJECTS, BY THIS OBSERVER MAY BECOME AGENT OF SOCIAL CHANGE THAN OBSERVER OF SOCIAL CHANGE.
        2.OBSERVER'S OWN IDENTIFICATION WITH GROUP MAY RESULT IN BLINDNESS TO KEY BEHAVIOURS.
        
        ADVANTAGES:
        
        ALLOWS TO OBTAIN DIFFICULT DATA
        
        OBSERVER GAIN INSIGHT OF FEELINGS OF SUBJECTS LEADS TO MORE ACCURATE INTERPRETATION OF EVENTS THAN WOULD BE POSSIBLE BY A LESS INVOLVED OBSERVER.
        
        SUBJECTS HIGHLY UNLIKELY TO MODIFY THEIR NORMAL BEHAVIOUR PATTERNS.
        
        OBSERVER WITHHOLD AS RESEARCHER N BECOME A PARTICIPANT IN THE INTEREST GROUP.
        
        LIMITATIONS:
        
        CAN'T BE USED TO TEST CAUSE N EFFECT STATEMENTS.
        2.INSUFFICIENT OBSERVER TRAINING CAN DECREASE BOTH RELIABILITY N VALIDITY.
        
        MORE TIME CONSUMING TO DESIGN N EXECUTE TCLI
        
        ADVANTAGES:
        1.PROVIDES PROCEDURES FOR VIEWING THE WORLD AS IT IS WITHOUT INTERVENTIONS.
        
        RESULTS ARE MORE GENERALIZABLE TO EVERYDAY APPLICATION..
        
        ADVANTAGEOUS FOR BOTH AS A BEGINNING STEP IN RESEARCH ON A TOPIC AND AS A FINAL CHECK OF THE GENERALITY OF CAUSAL RESULTS OBTAINED IN STRUCTURED EXPERIMENTAL SETTINGS.
        
        ROLE OF THE OBSERVER
        IN GATHERING DATA N REPORTING,,
        TOOLS : ONE WAY MIRRORS N RECORDING EQUIPMENTS...
        CONCEALED OR HIDDEN OBSERVERS
        
        FOCUSING OBSERVATIONS
        
        PHENOMENA OF INTEREST ARE SYSTEMATICALLY OBSERVED AS THEY OCCUR IN NATURE.
        
        INTROSPECTIVE METHOD
        
        CONSEQUENCES: 1. DUE TO THIS INADEQUECY, PSYCHOLOGISTS BEGAN TO DEVELOP OTHER RESEARCH METHODS LIKE BEHAVIORAL METHOD.
        
        GOAL OF ESTABLISHING A SCIENCE OF HUMAN CONSCIOUSNESS WAS ABONDONED, ALSO THE INTROSPECTION METHOD ALSO...
        
        REASONS FOR FAILURE:
        1.YIELDS ONLY SUBJECTIVE EVIDENCE, LACK OBJECTIVITY
        
        DIFFERENT SUBJECTS GAVE DIFFERENT REPORTS FOR THE SAME STIMULUS OR TASK. SO LACK OF REPLICABILITY
        
        JAMES USED IM AS AN INFORMAL WAY TO ANALYZE HIS OWN CONSCIOUS EXPERIENCE
        
        TICHNER USED IM TO REVEAL BASIC ELEMENTS OF CONSCIOUSNESS
        
        METHOD OF DESCRIBING ONES EXPERIENCES OR PATTERNS OF BEHAVIOUR
        
        OLDEST METHOD USED TO INVESTIGATE CONSCIOUSNESS,