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All of science (biology (the plants (plant metabolism (Respiration…

- - - - Respiration
        
        oxidation
        
        Respiration is considered an oxidation process because it involves complex molecules of starches and carbohydrates combining with oxygen to produce new compounds and energy. Oxidation occurs when a molecule gains an atom of oxygen, which changes its chemical composition.
        
        the kreb cycles
        
        In the presence of oxygen, under aerobic conditions, pyruvate enters the mitochondria to proceed into the Krebs cycle. The second stage of cellular respiration is the transfer of the energy in pyruvate, which is the energy initially in glucose, into two energy carriers, NADH, and FADH2. A small amount of ATP is also made during this process. This process occurs in a continuous cycle, named after its discoverer, Hans Krebs. The Krebs cycle uses a 2-carbon molecule derived from pyruvate and produces carbon dioxide.
        
        chemical equation
        
        C6H12O6 + 6 O2 => 6 CO2 + 6 H2O + Energy.
        
        glycolysis
        
        Stage one of cellular respiration is glycolysis. Glycolysis is the lysis of glucose. Glycolysis converts the 6-carbon glucose into two 3-carbon pyruvate molecules. This process occurs in the cytoplasm of the cell, and it occurs in the presence or absence of oxygen. During glycolysis, a small amount of NADH is made as are four ATP. Two ATP is used during this process, leaving a net gain of two ATP from glycolysis. The NADH temporarily holds energy, which will be used in stage three.
        
        definition
        
        Respiration is a common biological process that also occurs in animals. We commonly refer to respiration as "breathing." respiration is an event during which oxygen is added to a complex carbohydrate molecule to create water, carbon dioxide, and a release of energy.
        
        process
        
        glucose is broken down in the cytoplasm of the cell in a process called glycolysis.
        
        In stage two, the pyruvate molecules are transported into the mitochondria. The mitochondria are the organelles known as the energy "powerhouses" of the cells. In the mitochondria, the pyruvate, which has been converted into a 2-carbon molecule, enter the Krebs cycle. mitochondria have an inner membrane with many folds, called cristae. These cristae greatly increase the membrane surface area where many of the cellular respiration reactions take place.
        
        In stage three, the energy in the energy carriers enters an electron transport chain. During this step, this energy is used to produce ATP.
        
        electron transport chain
        
        Stage three of cellular respiration is the use of NADH and FADH2 to generate ATP. This occurs in two parts. First, the NADH and FADH2 enter an electron transport chain, where their energy is used to pump, by active transport, protons out of the thylakoid. This establishes a proton gradient across the thylakoid membrane. These protons then flow down their concentration gradient, moving back into the thylakoid by facilitated diffusion. During this process, ATP is made by adding inorganic phosphate to ADP. Most of the ATP produced during cellular respiration is made during this stage.
        For each glucose that starts cellular respiration, in the presence of oxygen, 36-38 ATP is generated, under anaerobic conditions, only two ATP is produced.
      - Transpiration
        
        why it exists
        
        Transpiration is a process similar to evaporation. It is a part of the water cycle, and it is the loss of water vapor from parts of plants (similar to sweating), especially in leaves but also in stems, flowers, and roots. Leaf surfaces are dotted with openings which are collectively called stomata, and in most plants, they are more numerous on the undersides of the foliage. The stoma is bordered by guard cells that open and close the port. Leaf transpiration occurs through stomata, and can be thought of as a necessary "cost" associated with the opening of the stomata to allow the diffusion of carbon dioxide gas from the air for photosynthesis. Transpiration also cools plants and enables mass flow of mineral nutrients and water from roots to shoots. The mass flow of liquid water from the roots to the leaves is caused by the decrease in hydrostatic (water) pressure in the upper parts of the plants due to the diffusion of water out of stomata into the atmosphere. Water is absorbed by the roots by osmosis, and any dissolved mineral nutrients travel with it through the xylem.
        
        chemical equation
        
        N/a
        
        The water cycle
        
        The water cycle consists of three major processes: evaporation, condensation, and precipitation.
        
        evaporation:
        
        Evaporation is the process of a liquid's surface changing to a gas. In the water cycle, liquid water evaporates and becomes water vapor.
        Water vapor surrounds us, as an important part of the air we breathe. Water vapor is also an important greenhouse gas. Greenhouse gases such as water vapor and carbon dioxide insulate the Earth and keep the planet warm enough to maintain life as we know it.
        The water cycle's evaporation process is driven by the sun. As the sun interacts with liquid water on the surface of the ocean, the water becomes an invisible gas (water vapor). Evaporation is also influenced by the wind, temperature, and the density of the body of water.
        
        condensation
        
        Condensation is the process of a gas changing to a liquid. In the water cycle, water vapor in the atmosphere condenses and becomes liquid.
        Condensation can happen high in the atmosphere or at ground level. Clouds form as water vapor condenses, or becomes more concentrated (dense). Water vapor condenses around tiny particles called cloud condensation nuclei (CCN). CCN can be specks of dust, salt, or pollutants. Clouds at ground level are called fog or mist.
        Like evaporation, condensation is also influenced by the sun. As water vapor cools, it reaches its saturation limit, or dew point. Air pressure is also an important influence on the dew point of an area.
        
        precipitation
        
        Unlike evaporation and condensation, precipitation is not a process. Precipitation describes any liquid or solid water that falls to Earth as a result of condensation in the atmosphere. Precipitation includes rain, snow, and hail.
        Fog is not precipitation. The water in fog does not actually precipitate, or liquify and fall to Earth. Fog and mist are a part of the water cycle called suspensions: They are liquid water suspended in the atmosphere.
        Precipitation is one of many ways water is cycled from the atmosphere to the Earth or ocean.
        
        other processes
        
        Evaporation, condensation, and precipitation are important parts of the water cycle. However, they are not the only ones.
        Runoff, for instance, describes a variety of ways liquid water moves across land. Snowmelt, for example, is an important type of runoff produced as snow or glaciers melt and form streams or pools.
        Transpiration is another important part of the water cycle. Transpiration is the process of water vapor being released from plants and soil. Plants release water vapor through microscopic pores called stomata. The opening of stomata is strongly influenced by light, and so is often associated with the sun and the process of evaporation. Evapotranspiration is the combined components of evaporation and transpiration, and is sometimes used to evaluate the movement of water in the atmosphere.
        
        definition
        
        Transpiration is the process by which moisture is carried through plants from roots to small pores on the underside of leaves, where it changes to vapor and is released to the atmosphere. Transpiration is essentially evaporation of water from plant leaves. Transpiration also includes a process called guttation, which is the loss of water in liquid form from the uninjured leaf or stem of the plant, principally through water stomata.
      - Photosynthesis
        
        definition:
        
        Photosynthesis is the process by which plants, some bacteria, and some protistans use the energy from sunlight to produce sugar, which cellular respiration converts into adenosine triphosphate
        
        chemical equation:
        
        6CO2 + 6H2O => C6H12O6 + 6O2
        
        fun facts
        
        Ultraviolet light, which has more energy than blue light, does not support photosynthesis. If it did reach the earth’s surface, ultraviolet light would be energetic enough to break carbon‐carbon bonds. The bond‐breaking process would lead to a net loss of fixed carbon as biomolecules were broken apart.
        
        Other pigments, called antenna pigments, or accessory pigments, absorb light at other wavelengths. The accessory pigments are responsible for the brilliant colors of plants in the autumn (in the Northern Hemisphere). The breakdown of chlorophyll allows us to see the colors of the accessory pigments.
        
        Chlorophyll comes in two varieties, chlorophyll a and chlorophyll b. Although the wavelengths at which they absorb light differ slightly, both absorb red and blue light. The chlorophyll reflects the other colors of light; the human eye sees these colors as green, the color of plants.
        
        The antenna pigments and most chlorophyll molecules don’t participate in the direct light reactions of photosynthesis. Instead they are part of the light‐harvesting complex, which “funnels” the photons they capture to a reaction center, where the actual reactions of photosynthesis occur. All together, the light‐harvesting complex is over 90 percent efficient—almost all the photons that fall on the chloroplast are absorbed and can provide energy for synthesis.
        
        Photosynthesis involves two sets of chemical events, termed the light and dark reactions. This terminology is somewhat misleading because the entire process of photosynthesis is regulated to take place when an organism absorbs visible light. The light reactions refer to the set of reactions in which the energy of absorbed light is used to generate ATP and reducing power (NADPH). The dark reactions use this reducing power and energy to fix carbon, that is, to convert carbon dioxide to glucose. Biochemically, converting CO 2 to glucose without light is possible if a supply of reducing equivalents and ATP are available.
- - - - the lung and the diaphragm can become a sad face or happy face:):(
      - lungs are serious space wasters, this is also why our circulatory system is a closed double loop
      - THE EAGLE TORTURE!!!!!!!!!!!!
    - - muscular system
      - skeletal system
      - circulatory system( pulmonary circulation loop)
        
        namely the pulmonary artery
        
        not the vein
    - - Smoking
        
        1) The Nicotine destroys the layer of mucus over the Cilia and the Cilia is not able to function properly
        
        2) The Cilia mucus enters the alveoli and disrupts the proess of air transfer in the alveoli
        
        3) The dust and smoke is able to reach the lungs because of the damaged Cilia mucus layer.
      - lung cancer.
      - Asthma
        
        What happens?
        
        The Bronchi or Trachea contracts and lesser air is able to get to the lungs
        
        What can be done to prevent?
        
        When there is haze, refrain from out door activities.
        
        Take care of your health and maintain a healthy lifestyle
        
        Cure/Medication
        
        Use an inhaler
        
        How do we get Asthma
        
        It is heriditary
        
        Due to environmental factors
    - - When we inhale, air travels through the nose, into the trachea and to the bronchi, which lead to the lungs
        
        Bronchi splits up into bronchioles and spread out in the lungs, leading to the alveoli
        
        Oxygen gets into the alveoli and diffuses into the blood stream while carbon dioxide diffuses out and leaves the body when we exhale
    - - Lungs
        
        Contain bronchioles and alveoli for respiration
      - Diaphragm
        
        pushes air into or out of the lungs
      - Pulmonary vein
        
        bring oxygenated blood into the right atrium
      - Pulmonary artery
        
        brings deoxygenated blood from the left ventricle to the lungs.
      - right and left main bronchi
        
        Splits into two parts and leads into the lungs.
      - Alveoli
        
        Diffuses oxygen into red blood cells and receives carbon dioxide from them.(simple diffusion)
      - Bronchioles
        
        Bronchi splits into bronchioles in the lungs. Bronchioles carry oxygen into the alveoli.
      - Wind Pipe/Trachea
        
        Connects the nose to the bronchi. It also has rings and is very stiff. This is because when the lung expands, a weak trachea will close and you cannot breath.
      - alveoler ducts
        
        brings air to the alveolar sacks
      - respiratory zone
        
        where respiration happens
      - epiglottis
        
        the small flap that prevents food from reaching the trachea
      - alveolar sacks
        
        contains the alveolar
      - intercostal muscles
        
        the set of muscles that wraps around the rib cage
      - ribcage
        
        protects the lung and heart
    - - the respiratory combines bulk flow with simple diffusion for maximum efficiency
      - the alveoli is thin and moist for simple diffusion to occur
      - Simple diffusion is not effective enough for anything bigger than a small worm
      - the first creature with lungs lived 38000 years afo
      - By the way, this is also why you need iron, for the haemoglobin
      - most organisms use simple diffusion for their oxygen. like some bacteria.
    - - Lungs
        
        Trachea
        
        Mouth
        
        Bronchiole
        
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- - - - Qubits
        
        0,1 or 0 and 1 at the same time
        
        breaks KSA code in a few minutes
    - - Max Planck
        
        Planck's constant
        
        normal
        
        6.626176 x 10 to the power of 34 joule-seconds
        
        reduced
        
        1.054571800(13)×10 to the power of 34 J⋅s
        
        Planck temperature
        
        1.417×10 to the power of 32 kelvin
        
        Planck length
        
        1.616229(38)×10 to the power of 35 meters
        
        Planck time
        
        5.39 × 10 to the power of 44 seconds
        
        Planck energy
        
        normal
        
        1.2209×10 to the power of 19 GeV
        
        reduced
        
        2.48×10 to the power of 18 GeV
        
        Planck particle
        
        Hypothetical particle defined as a tiny black hole whose Compton wavelength is equal to its Schwarzschild radius.
        
        Planck units
        
        5 universal units are:speed of light in a vacuum, gravitational constant,reduced Planck constant,Coulomb constant and the Boltzmann constant.
        
        Planck law
        
        Describes the spectral density of electromagnetic radiation emitted by a black body in thermal equilibrium at a given temperature T.
        
        Planck relation/Einstein relation/Planck-Einstein relation/Planck's energy–frequency relation/Planck equation
        
        A formula integral to quantum mechanics, which states that the energy of a photon, E, known as photon energy, is proportional to its frequency, ν:
        
        Planck's Epoch
        
        The first few moments after the creation of the universe
      - Albert Einstein
      - Paul Dirac
        
        Dirac equation
        
        It describes all spin-1/2 massive particles such as electrons and quarks for which parity is a symmetry. It is consistent with both the principles of quantum mechanics and the theory of special relativity and was the first theory to account fully for special relativity in the context of quantum mechanics.
      - Erwin Heisenberg
  - - - 6 flavours
        
        2nd generation
        
        muon
        
        Charge
        
        -1
        
        Diameter
        
        unconfirmed
        
        Mass
        
        105.7 MeV / c^2
        
        Spin
        
        1/2
        
        muon-neutrino
        
        Mass
        
        <0.17 eV / c^2
        
        Charge
        
        0
        
        Diameter
        
        unconfirmed
        
        Spin
        
        1/2
        
        3rd generation
        
        tau
        
        Charge
        
        -1
        
        Diameter
        
        unconfirmed
        
        Mass
        
        1777 MeV / c^2
        
        Spin
        
        1/2
        
        tau-neutrino
        
        Charge
        
        0
        
        Diameter
        
        unconfirmed
        
        Mass
        
        < 15.5 eV / c^2
        
        Spin
        
        1/2
        
        1st Generation
        
        electron
        
        Charge
        
        -1
        
        Diameter
        
        unconfirmed
        
        Mass
        
        0.511 MeV / c^2
        
        Spin
        
        1/2
        
        electron-neutrino
        
        Charge
        
        0
        
        Diameter
        
        unconfirmed
        
        Mass
        
        <2.2 eV / c^2
        
        Spin
        
        1/2
    - - axion
        
        suspected dark matter
      - tachyon
        
        a particle with the minimum speed of the speed of light
      - plekton
        
        A plekton is a theoretical kind of particle discussed as a generalization of the braid statistics of the anyon to dimension > 2.
      - anyon
        
        An anyon is a generalization of fermion and boson in two-dimensional systems like sheets of graphene that obeys braid statistics.
      - WIMP (weakly interacting massive particle)
        
        A WIMP (weakly interacting massive particle) is any one of a number of particles that might explain dark matter (such as the neutralino or the axion).
      - pomeron
        
        The pomeron, used to explain the elastic scattering of hadrons and the location of Regge poles in Regge theory.
      - skyrmion
        
        The skyrmion, a topological solution of the pion field, used to model the low-energy properties of the nucleon, such as the axial vector current coupling and the mass.
      - genon
        
        A genon is a particle existing in a closed timelike world line where spacetime is curled as in a Frank Tipler or Ronald Mallett time machine.
      - goldstone boson
        
        A goldstone boson is a massless excitation of a field that has been spontaneously broken. The pions are quasi-goldstone bosons (quasi- because they are not exactly massless) of the broken chiral isospin symmetry of quantum chromodynamics.
      - dyon
        
        A dyon is a hypothetical particle with both electric and magnetic charges.
      - instanton
        
        An instanton is a field configuration which is a local minimum of the Euclidean action. Instantons are used in nonperturbative calculations of tunneling rates.
      - goldstino
        
        A goldstino is a goldstone fermion produced by the spontaneous breaking of supersymmetry.
      - geon
        
        A geon is an electromagnetic or gravitational wave which is held together in a confined region by the gravitational attraction of its own field of energy.
      - spurion
        
        A spurion is the name given to a "particle" inserted mathematically into an isospin-violating decay in order to analyze it as though it conserved isospin and is the carrier of the electroweak.
      - diphoton
        
        A diphoton A resonance particle formed from two identical photons.
      - inflaton
        
        An inflaton is the generic name for an unidentified scalar particle responsible for the cosmic inflation.
      - acclerons
        
        Accelerons are hypothetical subatomic particles postulated to relate the mass of the neutrino to the dark energy conjectured to be accelerating the expansion of the universe.
      - Oh-My-God particle
        
        Only 16 known sightings, travels at 99.999999999999999999999510% of the speed of light.
    - - tetraquark
      - pentaquark
      - muonium
      - hexaquark
      - taonium
      - glueball
      - positronium
      - Zhang luming
    - - Mesons
        
        Vector mesons
        
        Upsilon meson
        
        Kaon
        
        J/Psi
        
        D meson
        
        Phi meson
        
        Strange D meson
        
        Omega meson
        
        B meson
        
        Neutral rho meson
        
        Strange B meson
        
        Charged rho meson
        
        Charmed B meson†
        
        Pseudoscalar mesons
        
        D meson
        
        B meson
        
        K meson
        
        Strange B meson
        
        Bottom eta meson
        
        Charmed B meson
        
        Charmed eta meson
        
        strange D meson
        
        Eta prime meson
        
        charmed D meson
        
        Eta meson
        
        strange K meson
        
        Pion
        
        Charmed K meson
      - Baryons
        
        Proton
        
        2 up quarks + 1 down quark
        
        Charge: +1
        
        Neutron
        
        1 up quark + 2 down quarks
        
        Charge: 0
        
        lambda
        
        1 up quark + 1 down quark + 1 strange quark
        
        bottom Lambda
        
        1 up quark + 1 down quark + 1 bottom quark
        
        Sigma
        
        1 up quark +2 strange quark
        
        charmed Lambda
        
        2 charm quarks + 1 down quark
        
        Xi
        
        2 up quarks + 1 strange quark
        
        bottom Sigma
        
        2 up quarks + 1 bottom quark
        
        charmed Xi
        
        2 up quarks + 1 charm quark
        
        charmed Sigma
        
        2 up quark + 1 charm quark
        
        charmed double bottom Omega
        
        2 bottom quarks + 1 charm quark
        
        double charmed bottom Omega
        
        2 charm quark + 1 bottom quark
        
        charmed bottom Omega prime
        
        1 strange quark + 1 charm quark + 1 bottom quark
        
        bottom Omega
        
        2 strange quarks + 1 bottom quark
        
        bottom Xi
        
        1 up quark + 1 strange quark + 1 bottom quark
        
        double charmed Xi
        
        2 charm quarks + 1 up quark
        
        charmed Xi prime
        
        1 up quark + 1 strange quark + 1 charm quark
        
        charmed delta
        
        1 charm quark + 2 up quarks
        
        delta -
        
        Triple down quarks
        
        delta{triangle}
        
        1 bottom quark + 1 up quark + 1 down quark
        
        Delta
        
        triple up quarks
        
        Top lambda
        
        1 up quark +1 down quark + 1 top quark
    - - Plasmons
      - Polaritons
      - Hole
      - Polarons
      - Excitons
      - Magnons
      - Phonons
      - Davydov soliton
      - Dropleton
      - Roton
      - Trion
      - Spinon
      - Wrinklon
      - Electron quasiparticle
      - Configuron
      - Bogoliubon
      - Bipolaron
    - - Higgsino
      - gluino
      - zino
      - gravitino
      - wino
      - sleptons
        
        Sleptons
        
        6 flavours
        
        2nd generation
        
        smuon
        
        Charge
        
        1 more item...
        
        Diameter
        
        1 more item...
        
        Mass
        
        1 more item...
        
        Spin
        
        1 more item...
        
        muon-sneutrino
        
        Mass
        
        1 more item...
        
        Charge
        
        1 more item...
        
        Diameter
        
        1 more item...
        
        Spin
        
        1 more item...
        
        3rd generation
        
        stau
        
        Charge
        
        1 more item...
        
        Diameter
        
        1 more item...
        
        Mass
        
        1 more item...
        
        Spin
        
        1 more item...
        
        tau-sneutrino
        
        Charge
        
        1 more item...
        
        Diameter
        
        1 more item...
        
        Mass
        
        1 more item...
        
        Spin
        
        1 more item...
        
        1st Generation
        
        selectron
        
        Charge
        
        1 more item...
        
        Diameter
        
        1 more item...
        
        Mass
        
        1 more item...
        
        Spin
        
        1 more item...
        
        electron-sneutrino
        
        Charge
        
        1 more item...
        
        Diameter
        
        1 more item...
        
        Mass
        
        1 more item...
        
        Spin
        
        1 more item...
      - photino
      - chargino
      - squarks
        
        Squarks
        
        6 flavors
        
        1st generation
        
        Sdown
        
        Charge
        
        1 more item...
        
        Diameter
        
        1 more item...
        
        Mass
        
        1 more item...
        
        Spin
        
        1 more item...
        
        Sup
        
        Charge
        
        1 more item...
        
        Diameter
        
        1 more item...
        
        Mass
        
        1 more item...
        
        Spin
        
        1 more item...
        
        2nd generation
        
        Sstrange
        
        Mass
        
        1 more item...
        
        Charge
        
        1 more item...
        
        Diameter
        
        1 more item...
        
        Spin
        
        1 more item...
        
        Scharm
        
        Charge
        
        1 more item...
        
        Diameter
        
        1 more item...
        
        Mass
        
        1 more item...
        
        Spin
        
        1 more item...
        
        3rd generation
        
        Sbottom
        
        Charge
        
        1 more item...
        
        Diameter
        
        1 more item...
        
        Mass
        
        1 more item...
        
        Spin
        
        1 more item...
        
        Stop
        
        Charge
        
        1 more item...
        
        Diameter
        
        1 more item...
        
        Mass
        
        1 more item...
        
        Spin
        
        1 more item...
      - neutralino
    - - 6 flavors
        
        1st generation
        
        Down
        
        Charge
        
        -1/3
        
        Diameter
        
        1 attometer / 10^-18 meters
        
        Mass
        
        4.8 MeV / c^2
        
        Spin
        
        1/2
        
        Up
        
        Charge
        
        +2/3
        
        Diameter
        
        1 attometer / 10^-18 meters
        
        Mass
        
        2.4 MeV / c^2
        
        Spin
        
        1\2
        
        2nd generation
        
        Strange
        
        Mass
        
        101 MeV / c^2
        
        Charge
        
        -1/3
        
        Diameter
        
        300 zeptometers / 3 x 10^-19 meters
        
        Spin
        
        1/2
        
        Charm
        
        Charge
        
        +2/3
        
        Diameter
        
        100 zeptometers / 10^-19 meters
        
        Mass
        
        1270 MeV / c^2
        
        Spin
        
        1/2
        
        3rd generation
        
        Bottom
        
        Charge
        
        -1/3
        
        Diameter
        
        30 zeptometers / 3 x 10^-20 meters
        
        Mass
        
        4.19 GeV / c^2 (MS)
        4.67 GeV / c^2 (1S)
        
        Spin
        
        1/2
        
        top
        
        Charge
        
        +2/3
        
        Diameter
        
        100 yoctometers / 10^-22 meters
        
        Mass
        
        172 GeV / c^2
        
        Spin
        
        1/2
    - - Gauge bosons
        
        Graviton
        
        carrier of the gravitational force
        
        Photon
        
        carrier of electromagnetism
        
        Gluon
        
        carrier of the strong force
        
        W+ intermediate vector boson
        
        carrier of the weak force
        
        Z intermediate vector boson
      - Scalar boson
        
        the Higgs boson(5)
      - other bosons
        
        dilaton/radion
        
        dilatino
        
        branon
        
        X and Y bosons
        
        saxion
        
        magnetic photon
        
        axino
        
        majoron
        
        axion
        
        majorana fermion
        
        graviphoton
        
        chameleon
        
        graviscalar
        
        dual graviton
    - - makes up fermions
  - - - 1925
        
        James Franck/Gustav Ludwig Hertz
      - 1926
        
        Jean Baptiste Perrin
      - 1924
        
        Robert Andrews Millikan
      - 1927
        
        Arthur Compton/Charles Thomson Rees Wilson
      - 1923
        
        Manne Siegbahn
      - 1928
        
        Owen Willans Richardson
      - 1922
        
        Niels Bohr
      - 1929
        
        Louis de Broglie
      - 1921
        
        Albert Einstein
      - 1930
        
        C. V. Raman
      - 1920
        
        Charles Édouard Guillaume
      - 1931
        
        none
      - 1919
        
        Johannes Stark
      - 1932
        
        Werner Heisenberg
      - 1918
        
        Max Planck
      - 1933
        
        Erwin Schrödinger/Paul Dirac
      - 1917
        
        Charles Glover Barkla
      - 1934
        
        James Chadwick
      - 1916
        
        none
      - 1935
        
        Victor Francis Hess/Carl David Anderson
      - 1915
        
        William Henry Bragg/William Lawrence Bragg
      - 1936
      - 1914
        
        Max von Laue
      - 1937
      - 1913
        
        Heike Kamerlingh Onnes
      - 1938
      - 1912
        
        Gustaf Dalén
      - 1939
      - 1911
        
        Wilhelm Wien
      - 1940
      - 1910
        
        Johannes Diderik van der Waals
      - 1941
      - 1909
        
        Karl Ferdinand Braun/Guglielmo Marconi
      - 1942
      - 1908
        
        Gabriel Lippmann
      - 1943
      - 1907
        
        Albert Abraham Michelson
      - 1944
      - 1906
        
        J. J. Thomson
      - 1945
      - 1905
        
        Philipp Lenard
      - 1946
      - 1904
        
        Lord Rayleigh
      - 1947
      - 1903
        
        Antoine Henri Becquerel/Pierre Curie/Maria Skłodowska-Curie
      - 1948
      - 1902
        
        Hendrik Lorentz/Pieter Zeeman
      - 1949
      - 1901
        
        Wilhelm Conrad Röntgen
- - - - Lithium
      - Sodium
      - Potassium
      - Rubidium
      - Caesium
    - - Radon
      - Argon
      - Krypton
      - Neon
      - Helium
      - Xenon
      - Oganesson
    - - Cerium
      - Praseodymium
      - Lanthanum
      - Neodymium
      - Promethium
      - Samarium
      - Europium
      - Gadolinium
      - Terbium
      - Dysprosium
      - Holmium
      - Erbium
      - Thulium
      - Ytterbium
      - Lutetium
    - - Beryllium
      - Magnesium
      - Calcium
      - Strontium
      - Barium
      - Radium
    - - Mendelevium
        
        Dmitri Mendeleev
      - Einsteinium
        
        Albert Einstein
      - Bohrium
      - Copernicium
      - Curium
        
        Marie Curie
      - Fermium
      - Flerovium
      - Gadolinium
      - Hahnium
      - Lawrencium
      - Meitnerium
      - Nobelium
        
        Alfred Nobel
      - Seaborgium
      - Rutherfordium
        
        Ernest Rutherford
      - Roentgenium (formerly Ununumium)