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Cellular Energy Processes (PHOTOSYNTHESIS (LIGHT REACTIONS 1st phase…
Cellular Energy Processes
CELLULAR RESPIRATION
GLYCOLYSIS
PREPARATORY REACTION
CITRIC ACID CYCLE
ELECTRON TRANSPORT CHAIN
energy is released and captured as electrons move from high energy to low energy. oxygen acts as final electron acceptor and combines with hydrogen producing water(H2O)
NADH and FADH2 give up their high-energy electrons to the chain.
Many of the redox carriers are called cytochromes
Where the bulk of ATP production occurs (32 to 36 ATP) after hydrogen atoms fuel the ATP Synthase Pump
Occurs in the cristae of the mitochondria
Aerobic Process
glucose is oxidized to pyruvate which is further broken down to carbon dioxide to make ATP
Also known as the Kreb Cycle
Two cycles of acetyl groups enter per glucose molecule, so this cycles twice
Each citric cycle produces one ATP. NAD+ and FAD take up hydrogen ions in this process as well, resulting in 3 NADH and a FADH2 each cycle
Also takes place in the mitochondria matrix
Aerobic Process
Citric Acid is a by product that eveventually gets oxidizes and returns to being an acetyl group
Pyruvate is broken down from a 3-carbon to 2-carbon molecule allowing carbon dioxide to be released
CO2 freely diffuses out of cells into the blood, which transports it to the lungs, where it is exhaled
NAD+ and NADH is formed
glycolysis ends with two molecules of pyruvate, so the reaction occurs twice per glucose molecule
Takes place in the matrix of the mitochondrion
Aerobic process (needs oxygen)
Makes a total of 4 ATP but needs 2 in order to go through its process, so it ends with 2 ATP
Has two phases and a total of ten steps, each with their own specific enzyme
Energy Harvest 2nd phase
G3P (glyceraldehyde 3 phospate) is oxidized and NAD+ becomes NADH.
NADH carries 2 high energy electrons to the ETC, when oxygen is PRESENT
When oxygen is NOT present Fermentation occurs (instead of NADH going to the ETC, the pyruvate becomes lactate)
Fermentation also only produces 2 ATP
Energy Investment 1st phase
the breakdown of glucose (6-carbon molecule) producing two pyruvate molecules (3-carbon)
Takes place in the cytoplasm around the mitochondria
Anaerobic process (does not need oxygen)
goal is to produce energy using carbohydrates acquired from photosynthesizers
The cellular energy process of hetrotrophs
PHOTOSYNTHESIS
LIGHT REACTIONS 1st phase
CALVIN CYCLE 2nd phase
carbon dioxide is absorbed and reduced to a carbohydrate (CH2O) using ATP and NADPH from the light reactions
takes place in the stroma of chloroplasts
the carbohydrate can be converted to glucose to use later as energy
ADP+P and NADP+ go back to the light reactions where they become ATP and NADPH again, so the cycle can continue
Has three steps: Carbon Fixation, Carbon Reduction, and Carbon Regeneration.
converts solar energy that is absorbed in pigments to chemical energy like ATP and NADPH.
The solar energy comes as molecules called photons that are absorbed by chlorophyll within the chloroplasts. They're the reason we see green.
takes place in thylakoids of chloroplasts; only occur when the sun is out
PHOTOSYSTEM II
involves a pigment complex and electron acceptor molecules
receives electrons as water splits, which releases oxygen
the electron transport chain takes electrons from Photosystem II to Photosystem I through redox reactions
an ATP synthase complex enzyme utilizes the H+ gradient to produce ATP from ADP+P in the ETC
PHOTOSYSTEM I
involves a pigment complex and electron acceptor molecules
electrons are passed to NADP+ molecules, which accept 2 electrons and H+ to form NADPH
NADPH is then used in the Calvin cycle reactions
goal is to produce carbohydrates using solar energy and CO2. Oxygen is just a byproduct.
the cellular energy process of autotrophs
requires water and carbon dioxide
Plants
ANIMALS