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PSYCHOLOGICAL RESEARCH (FOCUS GROUP DISCUSSION ., MAJOR STEPS IN…
PSYCHOLOGICAL RESEARCH
RESEARCH DESIGN
MEANING: A PLAN OR STRATEGY FOR CONDUCTING THE RESEARCH, SERIOUS ENQUIRY INTO A PROBLEM
BASIC PURPOSES:ACC TO KERLINGER
1.TO PROVIDE ANSWERS TO RESEARCH QUESTIONS
2.TO CONTROL VARIANCE
3.THE CONCEPT OF CONTROLLING VARIANCE:
PROCEDURE FOR CONTROLLING VARIANCE
1.RANDOMIZATION
2.BUILDING CONDITIONS ON FACTORS INTO THE DESIGN AS INDEPENDENT VARIABLES
3.HOLDING CONDITIONS OR FACTORS CONSTANT
4.STATISTICAL ADJUSTMENTS
4.CHARACTERSTICS OF GOOD RESEARCH DESIGN:
1.FREE FROM BIAS
2.FREE FORM CONFOUNDING
3.CONTROL OF EXTRANEOUS VARIABLES
4.STATISTICAL PRECISION FOR TESTING HYPOTHESIS
RESEARCH DESIGN INCLUDE
1.SAMPLING DESIGN: PLAN FOR OBTAINING A SAMPLE FROM A GIVEN POPULATION
2.OBSERVATIONAL DESIGN: A PREPARATION OF UNSTRUCTURED OR STRUCTURED INSTRUMENTS, TOOLS FOR THE COLLECTION OF DATA
3.OPERATIONAL DESIGN : ADVANCED DESIGN ABOUT OPERATIONAL PROCEDURES
STATISTICAL DESIGN: PLANNED DESIGN FOR ANALYSIS OF THE DATA
Approaches in Psychology Research
Nomothetic (Quantitative Approach)
The term “nomothetic” comes from the Greek word “nomos” meaning “law”.
That is to say in establishing laws or generalisations.
This approach basically used inferential and descriptive statistics as both mediums of scientific method of investigation in analyzing, presenting, and interpretation of data gathered by the researcher through standardized or objective instruments (e.g. psychological Tests).
Idiographic (Qualitative Approach)
The term “idiographic” comes from the Greek word “idios” meaning “own” or “private”
This approach tends not to use inferential or descriptive statistics, but rather uses qualitative methods of data gathering such as interviews, diaries, and other written materials, obtained from or provided by the expected or anticipated respondents of a particular research
DEFN: ACC TO CRAFORD WRITERS, " RESEARCH IS SIMPLY A SYSTEMATIC AND REFINED TECHNIQUES OF THINKING, EMPLOYING SPECIALIZED TOOLS, INSTRUMENTS AND PROCEDURE IN ORDER TO OBTAIN A MORE ADEQUATE SOLUTION OF A PROBLEM THAT WOULD BE POSSIBLE UNDER ORDINARY MEANS.
TYPES OF PSY RESEARCH
DESCRIPTIVE
2.EVALUATIVE
3.DIAGNOSTIC
PROGNOSTIC
5.EXPERIMENTATION
EXPLORATION
METHODS OR DESIGNS OF PSY RESEARCH
DESCRIPTIVE TECHNIQUES.. THESE METHODS PROVIDE DIFFERENT WAYS TO DESCRIBE BEHAVIOUR, WITHOUT ANY ATTEMPT TO INTERFERE WITH THE BEHAVIOUR UNDER STUDY.
INTROSPECTIVE METHOD
2.NATURALISTIC OBSERVATION
PHENOMENA OF INTEREST ARE SYSTEMATICALLY OBSERVED AS THEY OCCUR IN NATURE.
FOCUSING OBSERVATIONS
ROLE OF THE OBSERVER
IN GATHERING DATA N REPORTING,,
TOOLS : ONE WAY MIRRORS N RECORDING EQUIPMENTS...
CONCEALED OR HIDDEN OBSERVERS
NATURALISTIC OBESERVATION WITH INTERVENTION,
,, INVOLVE HIGHER DEGREE OF CONTROL BY THE RESEARCHER THAN NATURALISTI OBSERVATION
PARTICIPANT OBSERVATION
OBSERVER WITHHOLD AS RESEARCHER N BECOME A PARTICIPANT IN THE INTEREST GROUP.
SUBJECTS HIGHLY UNLIKELY TO MODIFY THEIR NORMAL BEHAVIOUR PATTERNS.
2.STRUCTURED NATURALISTIC OBSERVATION
RESEARCHER INTERVENES IN THE NORMAL FLOW OF EVENTS BY CREATING A STANDARD SITUATION FOR ALL SUBJECTS N THEN OBSERVES THE RESULTS.
CASE HISTORY R STUDY
DETAILED STUDY OF A SINGLE INDIVIDUAL'S BEHAVIOUR OVER AN EXTENDED PERIOD OF TIME.
SURVEYS
THE RESEARCHER SIMPLY COLLECTS DATA ABOUT PSYCHOLOGICAL N SOCIOLOGICAL VARIABLES OR CHARACTERISTICS OF A SAMPLE THAT REPRESENTS A KNOWN POPULATION IN NATURAL SETTINGS.
THEY RARELY STUDY WHOLE POPULATION
IT CONCERNED WITH
CONDITIONS OR RELATIONSHIP THAT EXIST,
OPINIONS THAT ARE HELD,
PROCESSES THAT ARE GOING ON,
EFFECTS THAT ARE EVIDENT,
TRENDS THAT ARE DEVELOPING ETC
STEPS IN CONDUCTING A SURVEY
PLANNING A SURVEY..
1.STATEMENT OF OBJECTIVE
2.KNOWLEDGE ABOUT SIMILAR STUDIES
3.PREPARATION OF WORK SCHEDULE N BUDGET
4.ARRANGEMENT OF PUBLICITY
5.DETERMINATION OF SAMPLE
6.PREPARATION OF A QUESTIONNAIRE/SCHEDULE N SELECTION, TRAINING AND SUPERVISION OF FIELD INVESTIGATORS.
COLLECTING THE FACTORS.
UNDERTAKES FIELD WORK, MAINTAIN GOOD RAPPORT WITH RESPONDENTS
3.ANALYSING THE FACTS
EDITING, CLASSIFYING, CODIFYING DATA
4.PRESENTING THE FACTS
LAST STAGE SIGNIFICANT FACTS N COMPARISONS ARE HIGHLIGHTED
TYPES OF SURVEYS
1.MAIL SURVEYS
2.PERSONAL INTERVIEWS
3.TELEPHONE INTERVIEWS
2.Experimental method
1.technique of discovering information by means of experimentation.
types
1.FIELD EXPERIMENTS
2.QUASI EXPERIMENTATIONS
EXPERIMENTAL DESIGN TERMINOLOGIES
1.TREATMENT GROUP
2.CONTROL GROUP
3.VARIABLE
4.EXTRANEOUS VARIABLE
5.FACTOR
6.LEVEL
7.RANDOMNESS
8 EX POST FACTO
VARIANCE
10.INTERNAL VALIDITY
EXTERNAL VALIDITY
BLOCKS
13.HOWTHORNE EFFECT
14.SINGLE BLIND N DOUBLE BLIND
3.CORRELATION METHOD
1.DESRIBE THE STRENGTH OF THE RELATIONSHIP BETWEEN TWO OR MORE VARIABLES
4.SIMULATION
1.MEANS HAVING THE EXPERIENCE OR FORM OF REALITY WITHOUT THE PRESENCE OF ACTUAL REALITY
GROUNDED THEORY:
1.A SYSTEMATIC QUALITATIVE RESEARCH METHODOLOGY IN THE SOCIAL SCIENCES EMPHASIZING GENERATION OF THEORY FORM DATA IN THE PROCESS OF CONDUCTING RESEARCH
2.INTRODUCTION
3.FOUR STAGES OF ANALYSIS:
1.CODES: IDENTIFYING ANCHORS THAT ALLOW THE KEY POINTS OF THE DATA TO BE GATHERED
CONCEPTS: COLLECTION OF CODES OF SIMILAR CONTENT THAT ALLOWS THE DATA TO BE GROUPED
3.CATEGORIES: BROAD GROUPS OF SIMILAR CONCEPTS THAT ARE USED TO GENERATE A THEORY
4.THEORY: A COLLECTION OF EXPLANATIONS THAT EXPLAIN THE SUBJECT OF THE RESEARCH
4.DEVELOPEMENT
5.SPLIT IN METHODOLOGY
6.CRITICISM
FOCUS GROUP DISCUSSION .
1.OBJECTIVES
1.IDENTIFY THE PURPOSE, USES AND LIMITATIONS OF THE FGD AS A METHOD OF DATA COLLECTION IN RESEARCH
CONDUCT A FGD, ANALYSE THE DATA AND REPORT ON THE RESULTS.
2.CHARACTERISTICS
GROUP DISCUSSION OF APPROX 6-12 PERSONS, GUIDED BY FACILATATOR, DURING WHICH GROUP MEMBERS TALK FREELY AND SPONTANEOUSLY ABOUT A TOPIC
FGD IS A QUALITATIVE METHOD, PURPOSE IS TO OBTAIN INDEPTH INFORMATION ON CONCEPTS, PERCEPTIONS AND IDEAS OF A GROUP.
3.USES OF FGD TECHNIQUES
FOCUS RESEARCH & DEVELOP RELEVANT RESEARCH HYPOTHESIS BY EXPLORING IN GREATER DEPTH THE PROBLEM TO BE INVESTIGATED AND ITS POSSIBLE CAUSES
2.FORMULATE APPROPRIATE QUESTIONS FOR MORE STRUCTURED, LARGER SCALE SURVEYS.
3.HELP UNDERSTAND AND SOLVE UNEXPECTED PROBLEMS IN INTERVENTIONS.
DEVELOPE APPROPRIATE MESSAGES FOR HELATH EDUCATION PROGRAMMES AND LATER EVALUATE THE MESSAGES FOR CLARITY
EXPLORE CONTROVERSIAL TOPICS
STRENGTHS
LIMITATIONS
4 HOW TO CONDUCT A FGD
1.DETERMINE THE PURPOSE
2.SITUATION ANALYSIS
3.PREPARING FGD
1.RECRUITMENT OF PARTICIPANTS
2.SELECTION OF PARTICIPANTS
3.PHYSICAL ARRANGEMENTS.
4.PREPARATION OF A DISCUSSION GUIDE.
4.CONDUCTING THE SESSION
FACILITATOR
1.INTRODUCE THE SESSION
ENCOURAGE DISCUSSION
3.ENCOURAGE INVOLVEMENT
4.DEAL CORRECTLY WITH SENSITIVE ISSUES
5.BUILD RAPPORT N EMPATHISE
6.AVOID BEING PLACED IN THE ROLE OF EXPERT
7.CONTROL THE RHYTHM OF THE MEETING, BUT IN AN UNOBTRUSIVE WAY
8.AT THE END, SUMMARISE, CHECK FOR AGREEMENT AND THANK PARTICIPANTS
9.LISTEN FOR ADDL COMMENTS N SPONTANEOUS DISSCUSSIONS AFTER MEETING CLOSED
RECORDER
1.RECORD CONTENT N EMOTIONAL REACTIONS.
2.ITEMS INCLUDE DATE, TIME, PLACE, NAMES N CHARACTERSTICS OF PARTICIPANTS, DESCRIPTION OF GROUP DYNAMICS, OPINIONS OF PARTICIPANTS, EMOTIONAL ASPECTS, VOCABULARY.
3.RECOMMENDABLE TO USE TAPE ROCORDER
SUPPLEMENTARY ROLE: ASSIST- BY DRAWING ATTENTION TO MISSED COMMENTS FROM PARTICIPANTS, MISSED TOPICS, RESOLVE CONFLICT SITUATION WHICH FACILITATOR FINDS DIFFICULT.
3.NUMBER N DURATIONS OF SESSIONS
1.NUMBERS DEPEND ON PROJECT NEEDS, RESOURCES N WHETHER NEW INFORMATION IS STILL COMING FROM THE SESSIONS. ATLEAST TWO FGDS FOR EACH SUB GROUP.
2.DURATION. UPTO AN HOUR N HALF
PROCESSING AND ANALYSIS OF RESULTS
REVIEW, COMPLETE THE NOTES, EVALUATE DISCUSSIONS, PREPARE REPORT WHICH REFLECT IN PARTICIPANTS OWN WORDS, LIST KEY STATEMENTS, IDEAS, AND ATTITUDES EXPRESSED.
TRANSRIPT, CODIFY TOPICS, WRITE COMMENTS, FROMULATE ADDITIONAL QUESTIONS N ISSUES WHICH ARE NOT CLEARED INCLUDE IN NEXT FGD
3.SUMMARISE AND COMPILE INSEPERATE SHEETS
4.ANALYSE AND MADE COMPARISON, IF NECESSARY USE TABLES N DIAGRAMS
REPORT WRITING:
START WITH DESCRIPTION OF PURPOSE OF FGD, 2.SELECTION N COMPOSITION OF THE GROUPS OF FGD PARTICIPANTS N COMMENTARY ON GROUP PROCESS.
PRESENT FINDINGS, FOLLOWING LIST OF TOPICS GUIDED BY OBJECTIVES OF FGD.
INCLUDE QUOTATIONS WHENEVER POSSIBLE AS ILLUSTRATIONS, PARTICULARLY KEY STATEMENTS.
BRAINSTORMING
1.DEFN: FROUP CREATIVITY TECHNIQUE TO GENERATE A LARGE NUMBER OF IDEAS FOR THE SOLUTION TO A PROBLEM.
2.APPROACH
1.FOCUS ON QUANTITY
2.NO CRITICISM
3.UNUSUAL IDEAS ARE WELCOME
4.COMBINE AND IMPROVE IDEAS
3.OUTLINE OF THE METHOD
1.SET THE PROBLEM
2.CREATE A BACKGROUND MEMO
3.SELECT PARTICIPANTS
4.CREATE A LIST OF LEAD QUESTIONS.
5.SESSION CONDUCT
6.THE PROCESS
4.VARIATIONS
1.NOMINAL GROUP TECHNIQUE
2.GROUP PASSING TECHNIQUE
3.TEAM IDEA MAPPING METHOD
4.ELECTRONIC BRAINSTROMING
5.DIRECTED BRAINSTORMING
6.INDIVIDUAL BRAINSTORMING.
5.CONCLUSION
MAJOR STEPS IN PSYCHOLOGICAL RESEARCH:
FOLLOWS 3 STAGES:
1.DECIDING WHAT TO RESEARCH ON,
2.PLANNING HOW TO DO IT,
ACTUALLY DOING THE RESEARCH
PROBLEM STATEMENT-IDENTIFICATION AND STATEMENT OF PROBLEM
2.HYPOTHESIS FORMULATION
3.RESEARCH DESIGNS
4.DATA COLLECTION
ANALYSIS AND INTERPRETATION
REPORT WRITING