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PERSPECTIVES IN PSY ( BIOPSYCHOLOGICAL PERSPECTIVE (COMBINATION OF…
PERSPECTIVES IN PSY
BIOPSYCHOLOGICAL PERSPECTIVE
COMBINATION OF PHYSIOLOGY(BIO CHEMISTRY)(NERVOUS SYSTEM N HORMONAL SYSTEM) AND PSYCHOLOGY, UNDERSTANDING RELATIONSHIP BETWEEN THESE TWO
STUDY OF CHANGES OCCUR IN BRAIN DURING LEARNING, SLEEP, RELAXATION ETC
HANS N MILNER THROUGH ELECTRICAL STIMULATION OF BRAIN(ESB) IDENTIFIED PLEASURE CENTRES IN THE BRAIN OF RATS, RATS SURGERY- STARVE TO DEATH, FED TO EAT AGAIN N AGAIN
HIPPOCRATES SHOWED INTEREST IN FINDING RELATIONSHIP BETWEEN THE BRAIN AND BEHAVIOUR, CONSCIOUSNESS.. IGNORED UNTILL 18TH CENTURY DUE RELIGIOUS DOGMA THAT BODY IS SEPERATE FROM MIND N SOUL
LATER STUDIES ON BRAIN, ANIMALS, SURGERY OF HUMAN BRAINS, ELECTRICAL CHANGES DURING LEARNING, SLEEP, RELAX ETC
DRUGS CAN CONTROL SCHIZOPHRENIA
ROGER SPERRY AWARDED NOBEL PRIZE FOR SPLIT BRAIN, THAT EACH HALVE PERFORM DIFFERENT FUNCTIONS
HOLDS GREAT PROMISE FOR UNDERSTANDING BEHAVIOUR AND BETTERING HUMAN CONDITION.
PSY PHENOMENON CAN BE EXPLAINED BY REERING TO THE PHYSIOLOGICAL ACTIVITY PARTICULARLY BRAIN PROCESSES THIS VIEW TERMED AS REDUCTIONISM IN BIO PSY
IN 1871, BROCA IDENTIFIED , INABILITY IN SPEECH PRODUCTION- BROCAS AREA, INABILITY IN SPEECH UNDERSTANDING- WERNICKS AREA,
LOCALISATION OF BRAIN, SPECIFIC REGION OF BRAIN RESPONSIBLE FOR SPECIFIC ACTIVITY R FUNCTION THUS BEHAVIOR HAD PHYSICAL BASIS.
IN 1920, LASHLEY, LAW OF MASS ACTION OR EQUIPOTENCY, ENTIRE CORTEX PARTICIPATES IN EVERY BEHAVIOUR.
HANS SELYE- FATHER OF STRESS RESEARCH. STRESS IS THE RESULT OF PHYSIOLOGICAL CHANGES IN A PERSON. TISSUE DAMAGE IS THE COMMON RESPONSE TO ALL NOXIOUS STIMULI, GAS GENERAL ADAPTATION SYNDROME. BODILY CHANGES OCCURS DURING STRESS
CRITICISM : 1. REDUCTIONISITIC APPROACH PROVIDE ONLY ONE DIMENSIONAL UNDERSTANDING OF VARIOUS PSYCHOLOGICAL PHENOMENON..NOT YET SUFFICIENTLY ADVANCE TO OFFER TOTAL EXPLANATION FOR MEMORY, STRESS, LEARNING, EMOTIONS ETC 2.COMPLEXITY OF PHYSIOLOGICAL SYSTEM N INFLUENCES DIFFICULT TO PREDICT THE BEHAVIOUR N EXPLAIN PURELY ON THE BASIS OF PHYSIOLOGICAL GROUNDS
HUMANISTIC PERSPECTIVE
AS A REACTION AGAINST PERCEIVED SHORTCOMINGS OF PSYCHOANALYTIC(UNCONSCIOUS DRIVES) N BEHAVIORISTIC( CONDITIONED RESPONSES) PERSPECTIVE
THIRD FORCE, FREE WILL, BASED ON OPTIMISTIC VIEW OF MAN, CALLED HUMANISTIC PSYCHOLOGY WHICH EMPHASIZES THE WHOLE PERSON AND THE IMPORTANCE OF EACH PERSON'S SUBJECTIVE EXPERIENCE
CENTRAL CONCEPTS: NEED FOR SELF ACTUALIZATION, DEVELOPING FULL POTENTIAL, FREEDOM
PEOPLE WILL ABLY N GLADLY TAKES RESPONSIBILITY FOR THEIR OWN LIVES N MAKE THE BEST OF THEM, ASSUMES INNER GOODNESS IN ALL HUMAN BEINGS.
AGGRESSION, FRIGHTENED PASSIVE N DISSATISFIED MUCH OF THE TIME BECAUSE STRUCTURE OF SOCIETY , ITS PRESSURES N RESTRICTIONS ACCOUNTS FOR THESE PROBLEMS
TO RESOLVE THESE : ENCOUNTER GROUPS: HONEST COMMUNICATION, SHARING OF FEELINGS N EXPERIENCES FACILITATES THE SELF ACTUALIZING TENDENCIES WITHIN EACH OF US
IMP FIGURES: 1. ABRAHAM MASLOW: COMPREHENSIVE HIERARCHIAL THEORY OF MOTIVATION, 2. CARL ROGERS: HOW PEOPLE CAN BECOME THEMSELVES AND HOW THEY CAN RELATE TO OTHERS IN HELPFUL N CONSTRUCTIVE WAYS
PHENOMENOLOGICAL APPROACH, FOCUS ON SUBJECTIVE VIEW POINT,
UNIQUENESS OF AN INDIVIDUAL AND HIS CAPACITY FOR GROWTH N SELF ACTUALIZATION, SELF DIRECTION
SELF PSYCHOLOGY: IDEAL SELF- I WANT TO BE, REAL SELF- I AM
1.UNDERSTANDING DEGREE OF DISCREPANCES BETWEEN THESE
2.STEPS TO REMOVE DISCREPENCIES
BEHAVIORAL PERSPECTIVE
AS A REACTION TO WUNDT.S METHOD OF INTROSPECTION.AS IT UNSCIENTIFIC
ASSUMPTION: PSYCHOLOGY IS TO BE A SCIENCE, IT MUST STUDY ONLY THE WHICH IS OBSERVABLE - NAMELY BEHAVIOR.. FOLLOWERS LEAVE CONSCIOUSNESS N UNOBSERVABLE PHENOMENA TO THE FIELD OF PHILOSOPHY.
STUDY: BEHAVIORAL RESPONSE AND THE WAY THESE RESPONSE ARE INFLUENCED BY STIMULI IN THE ENVIRONMENT
ROOTS: 1..IVAN PAVLOV. RUSSIA/ STUDY OF DIGESTION, NOBEL IN 1904, SALIVA, DOG, MEAT POWDER, DOG OFTEN BEGAN SALIVATE BEFORE IT ACTUALLY RECIEVED MEAT POWDER. NAMED IT CONDITIONED REFLEX..
2.THORNDIKE.. LEARNING IN CATS BASED ON REWARDS, REWARDED- DESIRED BEHAVIRS REPEATED, NOT REWARDED- LESS LIKELY TO BE REPEATED.
LAW OF EFFECT- BEHAVIOUR FOLLOWED BY SATISFACTION-- STAMPED IN
BEHAVIOR NOT FOLLOWED BY SATISFACTION--STAMPED OUT
REWARD N PUNISHMENT ... B.F.SKINNER
JOHN B WATSON, 1913 BEHAVIORISM, ONLY OBSERVABLE BEHAVIOR IS THE PROPER SUBJECT FOR PSYCHOLOGICAL INVESTIGATION...
ARTICLE-- PSYCHOLOGY AS THE BEHAVIORIST VIEWS IT. BANISH INTROSPECTION METHOD N STUDY OF CONSCIOUSNESS..... PROVIDED A METHOD BOTH THE ENVIRIONMENTAL STIMULI N THE SUBJECTS RESPONSES COULD BE OBJECTIVELY DESCRIBED N MEASURED ....
LITTLE ALBERT: PHOBIAS ARE LEARNED BY CONDITIONING N THEY SPREAD VIA GENERALIZATION.... ALL BEHAVIORS R LEARNED AND CAN BE UNLEARNED AND RELEARNED.... MOLECULAR APPROACH, LESS IDIOGRAPHIC MORE NOMOTHETIC.. EXPERIMENTAL METHOD, EXPERIMENTAL DETERMINISM, TCLE
BEHAVIORISM PROVIDED A METHOD THAT MADE SCIENTIFIC PSYCHOLOGY A POSSIBILITY, GAVE PSYCHOLOGY AN OPERATIONAL DEFINITION
LIMITATIONS...1.COULD EXPLAIN ONLY LIMITED BEHAVIOUR, COMPLEX BEHAVIOURS LIKE COURAGE, LOVE, ALTRUISM COULD NOT ACCOUNTED FOR BY TENETS OF BEHAVIORISM....
2.IGNORED ROLE OF FREE WILL N BIOLOGICAL FACTOR.
MAN IS A MACHINE, MORE REACTIVE NOT PRO ACTIVE, NO EMPHASIS ON CHOICE N CREATIVITY.
INTRODUCTION
DIFFERENT IDEAS ABOUT NATURE OF HUMANITY, SCIENCE, TOPICS N METHODS OF PSYCHOLOGY
PERSPECTIVES ARE RELATED, OFTEN LIMITATIONS OF ONE PERSPECTIVE LEADS CREATION OF ANOTHER
NO SINGLE PERSPECTIVE IS CONSIDERED TO BE DOMINANT OR CORRECT.
PSYCHODYNAMIC PERSPECTIVE
ASSUMPTION: UNCONSCIOUS FORCES HAVE IMPORTANT INFLUENCES ON HUMAN BEHAVIOR.
MADE UP OF BOTH FREUDIAN AND NON FREUDIAN THORIES
FREUD: PSYCHOANALYTIC THEORY:
IDEAS CONSISTANT WITH PHILOSOPHICAL VIEWS THAT HUMAN BEINGS AS IRRATIONAL N MOTIVATED BY BIOLOGICAL DRIVES, NOT ALL OF WHICH ARE NOBLE
HUMAN BEINGS ARE BORN WITH UNCONSCIOUS DRIVES THAT SEEK SOME OUTLET OR EXPRESSION FROM THE VERY START
MANY INNATE DRIVES THAT ARE REPRESSED , PUSHED TOTALLY OUT OF CONSCIOUS AWARENESS, THEY MAY MANIFESTED INDIRECTLY- SUBLIMATION - IN SOCIALLY ACCEPTED WAY,,,,,,
DREAMS, SLIPPS IN SPEECH OR MEMORY MAY INDIRECTLY EXPRESS REPRESSED DRIVES
INTERESTED IN ANALYSING PSYCHOLOGICAL DISORDERS,
PATIENT A WOMAN CALLED ANNA O.. OCCASIONAL PARALYSIS OF HER LIMBS,NAUSEA, SPEECH DISTURBANCES. CATHARSIS, CLEANSING OR REDUCTION OF A FEELING THROUGH THE EXPRESSION OF THAT FEELING, LED TO DRAMATIC IMPROVEMENT IN ANNA O DISORDERS
TECHNIQUES FREE ASSOCIATION N DREAM ANALYSIS,,.. DREAMS UNCONSCIOUS WISHES, SLIP OF TONGUE EXPRESS HIDDEN FEELINGS.