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http://www.bbc.co.uk/schools/gcsebitesize/science/aqa/ (Atomic Structure…
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Atomic Structure
Electrons
They are found on the outside of the nucleus (Which contain protons and neutrons) orbiting it, there orbits communally known as shells in an atom the first shell can only have 2 then any shell after that can have up to 8 electrons on them. They are also the items exchanged when an atom does atomic bonding. The charge of an electron is -1 and have the mass of 0.0005
Neutrons
They are also found in the nucleus of the atom and have no charge hence them being called neutrons and they have the mass of 1
Protons
Protons are found in the nucleus and the centre of the atom they are equal to the amount of electrons and have the a charge of +1 this means an atom as a whole is neutral no charge as protons and electrons cancel each other out and the mass is 1.
Atom
All substances are made from atoms they are really small. Atoms have the radius of 0.1 Nano meters that's in standard form (1x10to the power of -14)
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Elements
Elements consist of atoms with the same atomic number atoms of each element can be represented by 1 or 2 letter symbols (look on periodic table for the symbols and atomic numbers ect ect) Here is an example Carbon = C Sodium = Na
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Chemical Equations
One way to write a chemical reaction is to use a word equation or a chemical symbol equation. An example is { methane + oxygen -> carbon dioxide +water.
Isotopes
Isotopes are the same as elements but have extra neutrons. So they have the same atomic number but different mass numbers very popular isotopes are carbon-12 and carbon -13. Because many elements can exist as a number of different isotopes, relative atomic mass is used instead of number when refeering to the element as a whole.
REALITVIE ATOMIC MASS = SUM OF(ISTOPES ABUNDANCE X ISTOPE MASS NUMBER)/ SUM OF ABUNDANCES OF ALL THE ISOTOPES................................ABUNDANCE = AMOUNTS
Compunds
Elements can mix and match and make lots of new substances called Compounds. When elements react they combine to make compounds they are formed by two or more elements.
Just as elements can be represented with symbols so can compounds but with formulas instead. A formula is made up of elemental symbols.
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Bonding
In ionic bonds, the metal loses electrons to become a positively charged cation, whereas the nonmetal accepts those electrons to become a negatively charged anion
covalent bond, also called a molecular bond, is a chemical bond that involves the sharing of electron pairs between atoms
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