chapter 2: literature review

overview of the different areas I'll be looking at

city diplomacy // city international enagement

creative cities and urban cultural policy

international cultural relations/cultural diplomacy

urban foreign policy

introduction to ben barber's work

noting gaps in the research

how little has been done looking specificially around city international engagement around culture

including gaps in barber's approach to looking at culture and the arts in international city engagement

kicking this off with rodrigo's definition of city diplomacy/paradiplomacy

weaving in Ian Klaus' ideas

intro-ing the idea obsession around cultura and creativity in cities

starting with the two most notable on the subject, richard florida and charles landry

going into some of the texts on why and the ways in which cities invest in cultural ...

maybe intro ... defining the areas where cities tend to connect the most

michele acuto research on city networks

... and how its aims differ from federal-level foreign policy

introducing ideas around why cities are better at networking and collaborating than nations are

bring in the ideas of bridging v bonding capital

... and can bring in the idea of why the nation state is in decline...

*mentioning how international orgs like the UN are starting to turn their attention to cities // bring in note on habitat 3 // the report on sustainability urban development + culture

cities as being pragmatic by nature ... and how they have to be to create a tangible impact for their citizens

idea of interdependence (can use this as a segway into michele acuto's work at ucl

p. 70 - Barber's list of the qualities that make cities great international connectors

intro-ing idea of international cultural relations

and identifying why I'm using the term cultural relations rather than cultural diplomacy

bringing in his idea of the three ways that cities conduct diplomacy

idea of cities being the recipients of global megatrends not of their own making

*bringing back to the same point that Ian made that cities inherit megaissues not necessarily of their own making 


This comes more to another idea that Barber mentions later on — that nations tend to exist in a zero-sum world, and are prone to competition by their very nature (if you look at the purview of the nation-level — particularly in the US— it centers around …)

The idea that there was been little innovation in the way that nations govern themselves and collaborate.

also bring in the city diplomacy paper that person wrote

can also bring in notes from my conversation with him

and intro gap in the research so far on cultural networks in particular