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POLITICAL STRATEGIES OF INDIAN FREEDOM STRUGGLE (CONTITUTIONALISM…
POLITICAL STRATEGIES OF INDIAN FREEDOM STRUGGLE
CONTITUTIONALISM
BASED OF IDEOLOGY OF LIBERALISM
ACC. TO LIBERALISM HUMAN IS RATIONAL SO CONFLICT CAN BE RESOLVED THROUGH DIALOGUE .
THERE IS NO NEED FOR STREET POLITICS OR VIOLENT METHOD
GOKHALE DESCRIBED CONSTITUTIONAL METHOD IN ALLAHABAD SESSION:
PRAYER, PETITION, PROTEST (RESOLUTION IN ASSEMBLY, APPEALS TO JUDICIARY)
ON BASIS OF THIS CONSTITUTIONALISM IS NOT DIRECT METHOD
DIRECT METHOD: PASSIVE RESISTANCE, SATYAGRAGH,
HARTAL,
BOYCOTT
CIVIL DISOBEDIENCE REVOLUTIONARY ACTIVITY
MUTINY
AID TO FORIEGN INVASION
WHY EARLY NATIONALIST CHOOSE CONSTITUTIONALISM AS A POLITICAL STRATEGY
IDEOLOGICAL REASON:
EARLY NATIONALIST CONSIDERS BRITISH RULE AS BLESSING IN DISGUISE
BRITISH RULE AS DIVINE INTERVENTION TO ERADICATE THE MISRULE OF THE PAST
RANADE: THANKED BRITISH FOR INTRODUCING RULE OF LAW
HE HELD THAT BRITISH ARE SOURCE OF INSPIRATION AND HOPE..
WE ARE FORTUNATE THAT WE ARE UNDER BRITISH RULE NOT UNDER ANY OTHER IMPERIALISTIC POWER
DADABHAI NAROGI: BRITISH ARE JUSTICE LOVING PEOPLE... INDIAN HAVE TO COMMUNICATE THEIR DEMANDS IN A COMMUNICATIVE WAY
HISTORICAL REASONS:
IT WAS NOT APPROPRIATE THAT TIME TO GO FOR DIRECT ACTION AS:
ACC. TO GOKHALE: DIRECT ACTION REQUIRES IMMENSE PREP.
C.Y CHINTAMADI:: BEFORE INTRODUCING DIRECT METHODS .. WE HAVE TO ADDRESS INTERNAL DIVISION
ACC. TO BIPIN CHNADRA SUCH ACTION IS POSSIBLE: ONLY WHEN MASSES ARE ORGANISED, UNIFIED AND HAVE COMMEN CONSCIOUSNESS FOR COMMEN GOAL
BRITISH POLICIES WERE BRINGING PEOPLE CLOSER BUT A SUBJECTIVE CONSCIUSNESS IS MISING
MODERATES WERE LEADERS AND LEARNERS
THERE WAS NO READY MADE CRITIQUE OF BRITISH RULE WAS READY...
ALSO AT THAT TIME EVIL NATURE OF BRITISH RULE HAVEN'T CAME TO SURFACE
CRITICISM OF CONSTITUTIONAL METHOD:
TILAK: CONSTITUTIONAL MEANS ARE INADEQUATE AS INDIA DOESN'T HAVE A CONSTITUTIONAL GOVT.
ACC. TO TILAK : CONSTITUTIONALISM IN FRONT OF ALIEN BUREAUCRACY IS POLITICAL SUICIDE
AUROBINDO GHOSH : CALLED CONSTITUTIONALISM AS INTELLECTUAL BANKRUPTCY OF MODERATES
NEHRU: CONSTITUTIONAL METHODS NOT POSSIBLE W/O CONSTITUTIONAL GOVERNANCE
ASSESSMENT OF CONSTITIONALISM:
BIPIN CHANDRA:
THOUGH MODERATES DIDN'T CARRY A MASS STRUGGLE BUT THEY DID AT IDEOLOGICAL LEVEL
THEY PRESENTED THE CRITIQUES OF COLONIALISM : WHICH LAID THE FOUNDATION OF MOST SPECTACULAR MASS MOVT.
RANADE : THOSE MEMORIALS WERE NOT SERVED TO BRITISH BUT TO INDIANS
GOKHLAE: WE WERE AT SUCH STAGE THAT OUR ACHIEVEMENT WERE ARE BOUND TO BE SMALL AND FAILURE TOO FREQUENT
BUT WE MUST CONTENT OURSELVES BY SERVING OUR COUNTRY BY OUR FAILURES IT IS THROUGH THESE FAILURES OUR STRENGTH WILL GROW
DIRECT METHOD
EXTREMIST PHASE
OR MILITANT NATIONALISM
ASSOCIATED WITH YOUNG LEADERS LIKE LAL, BAL, PAL.. MORE EXTREMISTS THAN MODERATES IN TERMS OF DEALING WITH BRITISH: DIRECT ACTION
MOST OF LEADERS DEMANDED DEMANDED DOMINION STATUS(EXCEPT AUROBINDO GHOSH WHO DEMANDED COMPLETE FREEDOM)
BUT WERE IMPATIENT OF EXTREMELY SLOW PACE OF POLITICAL REFORMS THAT MODERATES WERE GETTING
DIRECT METHOD: PASSIVE RESISTANCE,
SATYAGRAGH,
HARTAL,
BOYCOTT
CIVIL DISOBEDIENCE REVOLUTIONARY ACTIVITY
MUTINY
AID TO FORIEGN INVASION
SO TILAK HELD SWARAJ IS MY BIRTH RIGHT
HE HELD THAT INDIAN HAVE RIGHT TO RESIST OR PRAJADROH- BECOZ BRITISH HAVE ESTD, EXPLOITATIVE GOVERNANCE
CAUSES OF RISE OF EXTREMISM:
1.IDEOLOGICAL FOUNDATION WAS LAID BY MODERATES
2.NO CONCRETE ACHIEVEMENT OF MODERATES IN TERMS OF POLITICAL REFORMS
3.REPRESNTATION OF INDIAN WAS STARTED BY BRITISH
4.POLITICAL ENVIRONMENT : ANTI BRITISH BECOZ OF FAMINE AND EPIDEMIC
PARTITION OF BENGAL WAS FINAL BLOW TO MODERATES.. AND CALL SWADESHII WAS LAUNCHED
EVALUATION OF EXTREMISTS:
IT WAS NEXT LOGICIAL STEP TO MAINTAIN CREDIBILITY OF CONGRES.
EXTREMIST CREATED FOUNDATION FOR GANDHI'S MASS MOVEMENTS
MASS SATYAGRAHA: GANDHIAN MOVEMENTS
ACC. TO BIPIN CHANDRA
MASS MOVEMENTS: FRENCH , RUSSIAN , CHINESSE, INDIAN FREEDOM STRUGGLE ETC.
UNCONTROLLED: FRENCH REVOLUTION
CONTROLLED: RUSSIAN , CHINNESE, INDIAN FREEDOM STUGGLE
OVERNIGHT: RUSSIAN AND CHINESE
PROTRACTED: SO INDIAN FREEDOM STRUGGLE: A CONTROLLED PROTRACTED MASS MOVEMENT
HOWEVER INDIAN FREEDOM STRUGGLE WAS UNIQUE AS EVEN TODAY WE FELL THE WARMTH OF NATIONAL MOVEMENT
WHY INDIAN FREEDOM STRUGGLE A PROTRACTED MASS MOVEMENT??
BECOZ GANDHI KNEW HE HAD TO FIGHT AT 2 LEVELS:
WAR OF POSITION
WAR OF MANUVRE
WHY GANDHI HAD TO FIGHT AT 2 TWO LEVELS??
BECOZ OF HEGEMONY THAT BRITISH ESTD. OVER INDIAN MINDS THAT
WHITE MAN'S BURDEN
WESTERN EDUCATION
SOCIAL REFORMS: LIKE SATI ABOLISHION, WOMEN EDUCATION, ETC
RULE OF LAW
THERE WAS A PERCEPTION THAT BRITISH RULE WAS BETTER THAN RULE OF NATIVE PRINCE... HENCE GANDHI NEEDED TIME TO SHOW REAL CHARACTER OF BRITISH RULE
GANDHI AS A STRATEGIST:
GANDHI KNEW WHEN TO START OR WHEN TO CALL OFF MOVEMENT
GANDHI NEVER LEFT THE BALL IN OPPONENTS COURT
GANDHI'S POLICY WERE PROACTIVE NOT REACTIVE
STRUGGLE TRUCE STRUGGLE
NON COOPERATION MOVEMENT
CAUSES: OF NCM
SUPPRESSION OF CIVIL LIBERTIES IN NAME OF CURBING REVOLUTIONARY TERRORISM: ROWLATT ACT
EXTREME PAIN CAUSED BY BY JALIANWALA BAGH MASSACRE
LAME ATTITUDE OF BRITSH TOWARDS GENERAL DYRE AND HUNTER COMMISSSION
KHAILAFAT ISSUE SEIZED BY GANDHI TO BRING MUSLIM INTO NATIONAL MOVEMENT
THOUGH GANDHI WAS CRITICIZED FOR COMMUNALISING
PEOPLE WERE LOOKING FOR ACTION
SIGNIFICANCE:
FIRST TRUELY GANDIAN ALL INDIA MOVEMENT: APPROVED AT NAGPUR SESSION OF CONGRESS
GOAL:
ATTAINMENT OF SWARAJ WITHIN ONE YEAR
PROGRAM OF NCM
SURRENDER OF TITLES, HONOURS.
BOYCOTT OF SCHOOLS, COLLEGES , COURTS FOREIGN CLOTHES
HINDU-MUSLIM UNITY
PROMOTION OF KHADDI
GIVING UP UNTOUCHABLITY
OBSERVING STRICT VIOLENCE
CONGRESS TO REACH MOHALLA LEVEL
HOW NCM IS DESCRIBED?
GANDHI
RIGHT ITO REFUSE COOPERATION WITH THE RULAR WHOM MISRULES
CONGRESS:
PEACEFUL AND LEGITIMATE MEANS FOR ATTAINMENT OF SWARAJ. RATHER THAN LEGAL AND CONSTITUTIONAL MEANS
END OF MOVEMENT:
CHAURI CHAURA INCIDENT IN 1922
ANALYSIS OF GANDHI'S DECISION
SHOCKING FOR EVERYONE EVEN NEHRU QUESTIONED GANDHI
MN ROY CALLED GANDHI IS FEARFUL OF MASSES
BUT GANDHI WAS LOOKING FOR A GRACEFUL EXIT
AS HINDU MUSLIM UNITY IS BREAKING UP.
CALIPHATE WAS ABOLOSHED
MOPLAH REBELLION IN MALABAR
MASSES WERE GETTING TIRED. SO GANDHI THOUGHT IT IS BETTER TO CALL OFF MOVEMENT BEFORE WEAKNESS APPEAR
ALSO GOVT. WOULD HAVE RETALIATED FORCEFULLY AFTER CHAURI CHAURA
ASSESMENT OF NCM:
MOVT. WAS FAILURE IN TERMS OF PROMISES MADE BY GANDHI
BUT STILL GANDHI GOT WHAT HE WANTED
HE WANTED TO TEST THE CAPACITY OF MASSES
HE WANTED TO ESTD. THAT CONGRESS DIDN.T REPRESENT MICROSCOPIC MINORITY
MOVT. ACCQUIRED MULTICLASS CHARACTER . ALSO THERE WAS VISIBLE BOYCOTT OF BRITISH INS.
GANDHI KNEW SWARAJ WAS NOT POSSIBLE WITHIN A YEAR .. IT WAS JUST TO MOTIVATE THE MASSES