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Managing diverse societies (Healthcare strategies (Market-based approach…
Managing diverse societies
Strategies
Assimilation
Minority cultures are expected to adopt the practices of the majority culture.
This causes the minority culture to
gradually lose the cultural markers
that set it apart from the majority culture,
making it indistinguishable from the main culture
Eg. France
Clear separation of religion from national identity to ensure fairness for all religions.
Through education
Religious symbols are not allowed in classrooms where secularity is practised
Religious discussions are not held except in History and Philosophy classes
To help, immigrant children assimilate into French culture, adaptation classes are conducted to help them learn French and be able to join French schools
Through employment
can be affected by employer prejudice
Unemployment level of immigrant families was 3x national average in 2007 because employers discriminated against immigrants,
May be adopted as prevention measure against dilution of local culture
around 8.8% of the French population are immigrants
Tensions
Setting aside religious affiliations also means the ban of wearing any religious symbols
New immigrants can hold on to their religious identities and some Muslim immigrants feel prejudiced against as they feel that the law is directed at their headscarves.
Integration
Cultures retain their unique identities while also taking on the common national identity of the society
Eg. Singapore
Policies
Presidential Council of Minority Rights (PCMR)
Consists of members of different ethnic groups that will ensure that bills
passed by Singapore's Parliament
do not
discriminate against
the rights of any racial or religious group.
Scrutinises legislation
Reports on struggles faced by communities referred to them by Parliament
Bilingual policy
Students are to learn English and a Mother Tongue Language
English is a
common language
that aallows different ethnic groups to communicate with each other and
promote better integration
.
Mother Tongue keeps citizens connected to their
cultural identity
and
heritage
Ethnic Integration Policy
(EIP)
To
achieve a balanced ethnic mix
in HDBs and to
prevent the formation
of
ethnic enclaves
Provides
opportunities
for different races to
interact as neighbours
Foster racial harmony
among various ethnic groups
Naturalisation
Common experiences
Serving NS
All male SCs and PRs are required to serve NS for two years.
Males from
diverse racial
,
religious
,
language
and
educational backgrounds
are allowed to interact with one another during this time
Create
strong national identity
Integration is successful when new immigrants embrace NS
Common experiences
foster greater cohesiveness
between fellow Singaporeans
Opportunities for immigrants to interact with locals
Community support
Community Involvement Fund (CIF) launched by NIC
Support initiatives to address issues faced during integration and adaptation to the Singaporean way of life.
Tensions
Feel that immigrants will compete with locals for job opportunities
Perceived erosion of social cohesion
Healthcare strategies
Market-based approach
government gives citizens the freedom to choose what treatment they want and also allows the market to set the prices they want.
Pros
not prone to misuse
Cons
Medical insurance premiums cost more so insurance companies can make profit
Americans cope with costs of healthcare on their own and are expected to purchase their own insurance plans.
Americans of lower status may not visit a doctor when they need to and not go for follow up treatments due to high costs.
Many low-skilled workers do not have medical insurance as small firms don't provide medical insurance and premiums are deducted from their pay
In 2014, 16% or 41 million Americans are uninsured as of 2014.
Job loss also results in loss of medical insurance if it comes together with the job
Insurance companies driven by profit more likely to insure healthy, employed individuals so those that really need insurance are denied healthcare.
majority of Americans from middle and higher socio-economic status groups obtain medical insurance as part of their employment package
Shared Responsibility
Pros
Can help more citizens afford healthcare
Less prone to misuse
prices are less likely to fluctuate
Cons
Costly for the government
Government-financed approach