chapter 4 geography
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battleground: where, why and how?
armed conflict: conflict fought with weapons
2 types of armed conflicts:
international conflict: between two nations
Internal conflict/ civil war: limit themselves to the bordes of a country
drawing borders
most conflicts concern the power people have in a country
regional conflict: when an internal conflict can extend beyond the country's borders
territory: the living environment of a people
Nation: when there is a border around the territory
A nation has the right to sovereignte/self-determination
the nation holds its power itself/ other nations can not interfere with national matters
one people: when people in a nation feel that they belong to each other (language,religion,history)
contested borders
regionalism: if a strong people hold on to their own history/culture
nationalism: If a people strives for independence
example: they will demand education in own language
sepetarism: the desire to leave the rule of a nation
autonomous region: a region that will gain self-determination in several matters (education, taxes, policing)
cultural and demographic causes
economic causes
an end to armed conflicts
often conflicts between different cultures/religions
other cause: skewed power distribution/subordination/poverty
youth buldge : large share of 15-29 year olds
conflicts about natural resources(example)
abudance paradox: country with lots of fuels/minerals have bigger change of armed conflicts than countries without
in conflictarea there's often an: authoritarian regime/dictatorship
failed state: when different groups are fighting for power
condition for peace:
government has nearly no control and theres lots of corruption/crime/economic chaos
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4 results of armed conflict
ecological consequences
Vietnam war 'Agent Orange'
the poison or destroying of the environment
demographic consequences
baby boom
genocide: attempt to destroy a people/race/group
social consequences
refugees
asylum seekers
displaced: refugees who stay in their own country during war
pshychological causes headaches and depressions
hospitals are difficult to reach
lot of children are orphaned
women flee/victim of sexual violence
man are killed
economic consequences
after war: damage needs to be repaired (infrastructure/airports/bridges etc)
money that is spent on weapons can not be spent on education/agriculture/roads
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5 The role of the Netherlands in conflicts
Dual role
ICC (International Criminal Court)
some countries feel the WSest lectures Africa too much so do not join
can even sentence a president
crimes agains humanity/war crimes
tries the very worst crimes
Security council
China/US/Russia/France/UK are permanent members
10 countries are chosen (2 years)
15 members
decides over the peacekeepigng missions
What ar the problems of a peacekeeping mission?
When you look at peacekeeping missions in a geographical way, you will look at the following aspects:
3 social condition
a lot of criminal activities
2 Physical condition
other climate/no water/dfficult acces
1 Location and situation
transport of people/equipment is expensive/longer
peacekeeping missions
What does the Netherlands ?
sending trained police officers
bridges
building schools
peacekeeping mission save an unimaginable amount of money
Netherlands has army to :
to contribute the international peacekeeping
peacekeeping operations (led by the United Nation)
defend the Kingdom
9 international conflicts regarding resources
crude oil and natural gas
peak oil
the time in which crude oil production can only decrease
global economy is addicted to crude oil and natural gas
Arctic reserves
terra incognita: unmapped territory
country can use the sea up to 370 kilometres
Exclusive Economic Zone (EEZ)
fight about the northpole
lots of oil/gas in Nortpole
due to climate change extraction come within reach
a cold rush is in process
indigeous groups demand moratorium (temporary ban)
because the consequences will be huge ecologically
but they are unable to fight against
conflict minerall: minerals that cause conflicts (cobold, blood diamonds)
critical minerals: minerals that are vital for (especially) high tech industry