Crusader unit three

Key figures

Agnes: Daughter of Joscelin, wife of Amalric and mother of Baldwin IV

Sibylla: Daughter of Baldwin IV, mother of Baldwin V

Guy de Lusignan: King of Jerusalem 1186-1192, appointed regent for Baldwin IV after his health deteriorated. Captured at the Battle of Hattin (1187)

Constance: Widow of Raymond of Antioch, mother and regent of Bohemond

Reynald de Chatillon

Married Constance and became Prince of Antioch in 1153

Took Alexandretta and gave it to the Templars, even though he had promised the Byzantines support after they helped him marry

Was persuaded by the Templars to attack Byzantine held Cyprus in 1156 in response to the Byzantines refusing to pay him

He gained the money to do this by torturing Amery, the Patriarch of Antioch, until he gave him the money, prompting disapproval from the king of Jerusalem

Raymond III of Tripoli: Count of Tripoli 1152-1187

Aided Harim in 1164 with Bohemond III against Nureddin, but the battle was lost and he was imprisoned until 1173

Joscelin III: Captured at the battle of Harim (1164), later became ambassador to the Byzantine Empire

Raymond of Antioch: Prince of Antioch 1136-1149

William of Tyre: Ambassador to the Byzantine Empire and chronicler

Bohemond III of Antioch: Prince of Antioch 1163-1201

Outremer: Strengths and weaknesses

The Battle of Ascalon (1153)

Directly after the crusade there is an increase of manpower in Outremer

Alliance with Damascus

The marriage link between Baldwin III and Manuel strengthened relations

Lack of interest/support from the Latin West

Battle of Inab (1149) leads to Frankish defeat and death of Raymond of Poiters

The loss of Edessa (1149), which was their buffer zone

The failure to retake Edessa in the second crusade

Breakdown in Frankish-Muslim alliances

Raymond of Antioch dies, leaving a succession crisis

Opportunities

Taking Egypt before Saladin takes hold

Possibly extending Muslim alliances

Threats

The gaining strength and unification of Muslims

Nureddin

Civil war in Jerusalem

Rocky alliance with Damascus

Nureddin's progress in Syria

Positioning of leaders and family members

Abaq in Damascus (1149)

Qutbeddin in Mosul

Flexible foreign policy

The ability to kill or negotiate

Treaties and alliances

With Manuel I to end raiding into his land

Diplomacy

Using geographical weaknesses

Targeting weak positions

Edessa 1146

Damascus

Popularity/propaganda

Brought food after the siege of Damascus to discredit Abaq

Religious houses

Schools (Madrasa)

Hospitals

Public readings

Poems and books

Military power

Attacks

Blockading Damascus

Battle of Inab 1149 #

Gaining power over time to seem less threatening

Strategic expansion

Byzantium

Leaders of Jerusalem

Manuel I

Alexius II

Baldwin III: 1143-1163

Captured Ascalon in 1153

Married Theodora Komnenus (niece of Manuel) #

Took Mirabel and Nablus during the civil war with Melisende in 1152-1154

Melisende: 1131-1153

Married to Fulk of Anjou

Mother of Baldwin III

Controversy over Hugh of Jaffa

Fulk of Anjou: 1131-1143 #

Became king by marrying Melisende

Was deeply unpopular because he placed his own nobles above the Levantine nobles

Spent most of his rule dealing with raids into Frankish lands, Muslim warlords and the Byzantine Emperor, John

Amalric: 1163-1174

Married to Agnes, but consanguinity makes him divorce her

Marries a Byzantine Princess in 1167 to repair alliances

Led an expedition to capture Egypt in 1169, but it failed. He was well known for his obsession with Egypt #

Baldwin IV: 1174-1185

Defended Jerusalem against five attacks from Saladin

Won the battle of Montgisard in 1177

Tried to attack Egypt but the Byzantines and Templars pulled out at the last minute

Made a treaty with Saladin

Baldwin V: 1185-1186

Crowned king at five years old

By this time, the political climate had severely deteriorated

Raymond III of Tripoli was his regent #

John #

Manuel approved Reynald's marriage to Constance in exchange for support against the Armenian Thoros, but he launched an attack on Manuel's land in Cyprus instead. In response, Manuel marched on Antioch, humiliated Reynald and installed his own patriarch

Manuel promised Baldwin III that he would help them against Nureddin, despite having made an alliance with Nureddin against the Turks

Married to Maria of Antioch

Impact of the second crusade

Improved relations with the crusaders (Conrad)

Decreased Latin interest

Dynastic ties with the West

A weakened Outremer gives the opportunity to retake land such as Antioch

The Latin West

In 1152 Louis divorced Eleanor of Aquitaine on the grounds of consanguinity. Eleanor then married Henry II, who became very powerful as a result of his marriage and being made king in 1154. There was a lot of tension between the three powerful leaders, and this continued with Louis' son, Philip

Henry II became a subject of papal tension over the murder of Thomas Becket, which he was implicated in

Count Thierry of Flanders

First aided Baldwin III against a blockade around Krak des Chevaliers (controlled by the Templars) and then after the earthquakes of 1157 took Shaizar, but he and Reynald could not decide who should own it, so they abandoned it to Nureddin, before finally taking Harenc before Thierry retired and gave his Countship to his sin Philip

Count Philip of Flanders #

Philip arrived in Acre in 1177 after William had married Baldwin's sister, but died, leaving Baldwin's heir a pregnant widow.

Philip proposed an attack on Northern Syria, which would have been a very good tactical move, but he refused to swear the Byzantine oath, making the Byzantines remove their fleet and offending them so that when Philip left he had made the situation much worse; the Byzantines would now side with Outremer's enemies

Baldwin IV's cousin #

Two crusades were announced in 1168 and 1180 by the Pope, but neither gained support and they fell through

In 1184 the Patriarch of Jerusalem and the military Order leaders met with Pope Lucius III and a crusade was declared, but the new French king Philip wouldn't go due to his insecure inheritance, and Henry's barons would not allow him to go

Damascus

Andronikus

Anti-Latin, so a threat to the Franks

Baldwin IV's reign: Factions

Pullani faction

Court faction

Leader: Raymond of Tripoli

Leader: Agnes (Baldwin IV's mother)

1175: William of Tyre made chancellor

1184: Baldwin tries to annul Sibylla and Guy's marriage

1185: Raymond made regent again

1182: Raymond is banned from entering Jerusalem

1175: Heraclius made archbishop of Caesera and Joscelin is made Seneschal of Jerusalem

Agnes made sure Aimery of Lusignan succeeded Humphrey of Toron

Supported by the Templars because the Grand Master had a grudge against Raymond

1180: Sybilla is married to Guy de Lusignan

1183: Guy takes up regency