Crusader unit three
Key figures
Agnes: Daughter of Joscelin, wife of Amalric and mother of Baldwin IV
Sibylla: Daughter of Baldwin IV, mother of Baldwin V
Guy de Lusignan: King of Jerusalem 1186-1192, appointed regent for Baldwin IV after his health deteriorated. Captured at the Battle of Hattin (1187)
Constance: Widow of Raymond of Antioch, mother and regent of Bohemond
Reynald de Chatillon
Married Constance and became Prince of Antioch in 1153
Took Alexandretta and gave it to the Templars, even though he had promised the Byzantines support after they helped him marry
Was persuaded by the Templars to attack Byzantine held Cyprus in 1156 in response to the Byzantines refusing to pay him
He gained the money to do this by torturing Amery, the Patriarch of Antioch, until he gave him the money, prompting disapproval from the king of Jerusalem
Raymond III of Tripoli: Count of Tripoli 1152-1187
Aided Harim in 1164 with Bohemond III against Nureddin, but the battle was lost and he was imprisoned until 1173
Joscelin III: Captured at the battle of Harim (1164), later became ambassador to the Byzantine Empire
Raymond of Antioch: Prince of Antioch 1136-1149
William of Tyre: Ambassador to the Byzantine Empire and chronicler
Bohemond III of Antioch: Prince of Antioch 1163-1201
Outremer: Strengths and weaknesses
The Battle of Ascalon (1153)
Directly after the crusade there is an increase of manpower in Outremer
Alliance with Damascus
The marriage link between Baldwin III and Manuel strengthened relations
Lack of interest/support from the Latin West
Battle of Inab (1149) leads to Frankish defeat and death of Raymond of Poiters
The loss of Edessa (1149), which was their buffer zone
The failure to retake Edessa in the second crusade
Breakdown in Frankish-Muslim alliances
Raymond of Antioch dies, leaving a succession crisis
Opportunities
Taking Egypt before Saladin takes hold
Possibly extending Muslim alliances
Threats
The gaining strength and unification of Muslims
Nureddin
Civil war in Jerusalem
Rocky alliance with Damascus
Nureddin's progress in Syria
Positioning of leaders and family members
Abaq in Damascus (1149)
Qutbeddin in Mosul
Flexible foreign policy
The ability to kill or negotiate
Treaties and alliances
With Manuel I to end raiding into his land
Diplomacy
Using geographical weaknesses
Targeting weak positions
Edessa 1146
Damascus
Popularity/propaganda
Brought food after the siege of Damascus to discredit Abaq
Religious houses
Schools (Madrasa)
Hospitals
Public readings
Poems and books
Military power
Attacks
Blockading Damascus
Battle of Inab 1149 #
Gaining power over time to seem less threatening
Strategic expansion
Byzantium
Leaders of Jerusalem
Manuel I
Alexius II
Baldwin III: 1143-1163
Captured Ascalon in 1153
Married Theodora Komnenus (niece of Manuel) #
Took Mirabel and Nablus during the civil war with Melisende in 1152-1154
Melisende: 1131-1153
Married to Fulk of Anjou
Mother of Baldwin III
Controversy over Hugh of Jaffa
Fulk of Anjou: 1131-1143 #
Became king by marrying Melisende
Was deeply unpopular because he placed his own nobles above the Levantine nobles
Spent most of his rule dealing with raids into Frankish lands, Muslim warlords and the Byzantine Emperor, John
Amalric: 1163-1174
Married to Agnes, but consanguinity makes him divorce her
Marries a Byzantine Princess in 1167 to repair alliances
Led an expedition to capture Egypt in 1169, but it failed. He was well known for his obsession with Egypt #
Baldwin IV: 1174-1185
Defended Jerusalem against five attacks from Saladin
Won the battle of Montgisard in 1177
Tried to attack Egypt but the Byzantines and Templars pulled out at the last minute
Made a treaty with Saladin
Baldwin V: 1185-1186
Crowned king at five years old
By this time, the political climate had severely deteriorated
Raymond III of Tripoli was his regent #
John #
Manuel approved Reynald's marriage to Constance in exchange for support against the Armenian Thoros, but he launched an attack on Manuel's land in Cyprus instead. In response, Manuel marched on Antioch, humiliated Reynald and installed his own patriarch
Manuel promised Baldwin III that he would help them against Nureddin, despite having made an alliance with Nureddin against the Turks
Married to Maria of Antioch
Impact of the second crusade
Improved relations with the crusaders (Conrad)
Decreased Latin interest
Dynastic ties with the West
A weakened Outremer gives the opportunity to retake land such as Antioch
The Latin West
In 1152 Louis divorced Eleanor of Aquitaine on the grounds of consanguinity. Eleanor then married Henry II, who became very powerful as a result of his marriage and being made king in 1154. There was a lot of tension between the three powerful leaders, and this continued with Louis' son, Philip
Henry II became a subject of papal tension over the murder of Thomas Becket, which he was implicated in
Count Thierry of Flanders
First aided Baldwin III against a blockade around Krak des Chevaliers (controlled by the Templars) and then after the earthquakes of 1157 took Shaizar, but he and Reynald could not decide who should own it, so they abandoned it to Nureddin, before finally taking Harenc before Thierry retired and gave his Countship to his sin Philip
Count Philip of Flanders #
Philip arrived in Acre in 1177 after William had married Baldwin's sister, but died, leaving Baldwin's heir a pregnant widow.
Philip proposed an attack on Northern Syria, which would have been a very good tactical move, but he refused to swear the Byzantine oath, making the Byzantines remove their fleet and offending them so that when Philip left he had made the situation much worse; the Byzantines would now side with Outremer's enemies
Baldwin IV's cousin #
Two crusades were announced in 1168 and 1180 by the Pope, but neither gained support and they fell through
In 1184 the Patriarch of Jerusalem and the military Order leaders met with Pope Lucius III and a crusade was declared, but the new French king Philip wouldn't go due to his insecure inheritance, and Henry's barons would not allow him to go
Damascus
Andronikus
Anti-Latin, so a threat to the Franks
Baldwin IV's reign: Factions
Pullani faction
Court faction
Leader: Raymond of Tripoli
Leader: Agnes (Baldwin IV's mother)
1175: William of Tyre made chancellor
1184: Baldwin tries to annul Sibylla and Guy's marriage
1185: Raymond made regent again
1182: Raymond is banned from entering Jerusalem
1175: Heraclius made archbishop of Caesera and Joscelin is made Seneschal of Jerusalem
Agnes made sure Aimery of Lusignan succeeded Humphrey of Toron
Supported by the Templars because the Grand Master had a grudge against Raymond
1180: Sybilla is married to Guy de Lusignan
1183: Guy takes up regency