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Learning (Training methods: (� Active learning (� Trainee decides when and…

- - - - � Programmed instructions
      - � Intelligent development systems
      - � Simulations of situations at work
- - - - ? Learning outcomes:
        
        � Cognitive
        
        � Skill based
        
        � Affective
  - - - ? Organizational analysis -> examine available resources + environment
        
        � Identify training needs
        
        � Assess manager, peer, technological support + climate of organization
        
        � Organizational characteristics affect training impact
      - ? Task analysis
        
        � KSAOs necessary for job
        
        � Examine what should be trained
        
        w Develop task statements
        
        w Determine homogenous task clusters
        
        w Identify KSAOs
        
        � Assess competencies
      - ? Person analysis -> who needs to receive training? �
  - - - � Trainee readiness:
        
        ? Personal characteristics as general mental ability, goal orientation, experience level
        
        �
      - � Trainee motivation
    - - � Reinforcement theory
        
        � Identify, measure, reward, evaluate behaviours aimed at performance improvement
        
        ? Evaluation: better than routine pay for performance, recognition, feedback
      - � Cognitive & social learning theories
        
        ? Social learning theory
        
        � Watching more experienced colleague perform task -> learn from observation + asking for advice
        
        ? Behavioural modelling
        
        � Often used to apply social learning principles
        
        � Observe job, video examples, demonstrate positive modelling behaviours, role plays
        
        � Proved to be effective
      - � Self-efficacy
      - � Goal setting
        
        ? Can strengthen trainee motivation + self efficacy
      - � Feedback
        
        ? Important for enhancing learning & motivation
  - - - � Whole learning: practicing the entire task
        
        ? More effective for complex task with high organization
      - � Part learning: practicing parts separately
        
        ? More effective for complex task with low organization
    - - � Distributed practice -> more efficient learning + retention
      - � Reduced fatigue + time for strengthening learned associations
  - - - ? Reactions � internal criteria
      - ? Learning � internal criteria
        
        � How much did trainees learn?
      - ? Behavior � external criteria (=outside training program)
        
        � How much transfer?
      - ? Results � external criteria
        
        � Do the trainees benefit the organization? Better job quality, more productive�
    - - � Compare trained and non trained individuals
        
        ? Solomon four group design = with four groups. Random assignment. Pre and post test measurements.
        
        ? Quasi experimental design
        
        ? Time-series design
  - - - � Five types of learning outcomes:
        
        ? verbal information
        
        � Info that individual can recall from training
        
        ? Intellectual skills
        
        � Procedural knowledge
        
        ? Cognitive strategies
        
        � When should I use certain verbal info and intellectual skills to solve a problem?
        
        ? Attitudes regarding work
        
        ? Motor skills
        
        � Like using tools or doing physical job
    - - � 3 important learning outcomes:
      - ? Cognitive outcomes
        
        � Declarative, procedural knowledge and cognitive strategies + metacognition
      - ? Skills based outcomes
        
        � So how you perform
        
        � Measured in terms of how easily, quickly and with how many errors you do
      - ? Affective outcomes
        
        � Comprising attitudes and motivation and self-efficacy
  - - - ? Learning depends on abilities, personality, demographics, interests and values
      - ? mechanisms moderate relationship between the trainee characteristics and learning outcomes
    - - ? Higher abilities � quicker in learning knowledge and skills � better job performance
      - ? Higher metacognition � learn better cause are aware of what they know and what they don�t know
    - - ? High C
        
        � more motivation to learn
        
        � No association with skills acquisition and declarative learning
      - ? High O
        
        � training success (cause more open to new ideas)
        
        � No relation with JP
      - ? High E
        
        � � training success
      - ? High emo. Stability
        
        � Weakly associated to training success
      - ? Goal orientation
        
        � Dependant on whether you think intelligences is fixed or flexible
- - - - ? 2 (related) models for grasping experience
        
        � Concrete experience (CE)
        
        � Abstract conceptualization (AC)
      - ? 2 (related) models of transforming experience
        
        � Reflective observation (RO)
        
        � Active experimentation (AE)
      - ? Learning = transforming experience into knowledge
    - - ? Diverging
        
        � Concrete experience & reflective observation
        
        � Best at:
        
        ? View situation from diff viewpoints
        
        ? Generate ideas (e.g. brainstorming)
        
        � Characteristics:
        
        ? Broad cultural interest
        
        ? Interest in people
        
        ? Imaginative & emotional
        
        ? Prefer group work
      - ? Assimilating
        
        � Abstract conceptualization & reflective observation
        
        � Best at:
        
        ? Understanding wide range of information
        
        ? Putting info in logical form
        
        � Characteristics
        
        ? Less focused on people
        
        ? Interested in ideas & abstract concepts
        
        � Effective for:
        
        ? information/science careers
        
        � Learning preferences:
        
        ? Readings, Lectures
        
        ? Exploring analytical models
        
        ? Having time to think things through
      - ? Converging
        
        � Abstract conceptualization & active experimentation
        
        � Best at:
        
        ? Finding practical uses for ideas & theories
        
        � Characteristics
        
        ? Able to solve problems -> decision making based on solutions
        
        � Effective for:
        
        ? Specialist & technical careeer
        
        � Learning preferences
        
        ? Experimentation with new ideas, simulations, laboratory assignments
        
        ? Practical applications
    - - � Concrete experience & active experimentation
      - � Best at
        
        ? Learn from hand on experience
      - � Characteristics
        
        ? Enjoy carrying out plans
        
        ? Like challenging experiments
        
        ? Rely on people for problem solving
      - � Effective for
        
        ? Action-oriented careers (e.g. marketing, sales)
      - � Learning preferences
        
        ? Group work on assignments
        
        ? Goal setting
        
        ? Field work
    - - ? Personality
        
        ? Accommodating learning style -> extraverted sensing type
        
        ? Converging style -> extraverted thinking type
        
        ? Assimilating style -> introverted intuitive personality
        
        ? Diverging style -> introverted feeling type
      - ? educational specialization
        
        ? arts, history, political science -> diverging style
        
        ? Abstract/applied science (physics) -> converging style
        
        ? Business, management -> accommodating style
        
        ? Economics, mathematics, sociology -> assimilating style
      - ? Professional career
        
        ? Social services, arts, communication -> diverging style
        
        ? Sciences, informational & research -> assimilating style
        
        ? Technology, economics, environment science -> converging style
        
        ? Organizational & business careers -> accommodating learning style
      - ? Adaptive competencies
        
        � Specific task/problem someone is working on
        
        ? Require set of skills of effective performance
        
        � Accommodative style -> acting skills
        
        ? Leadership, initiative, action
        
        � Diverging style -> valuing skills
        
        ? Relationships, helping others, sense making
        
        � Assimilating style -> thinking skills
        
        ? Information gathering, analysis, theory building
        
        � Converging style -> decision skills
        
        ? Quantitative analysis, use of technology, goal setting