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(Why beautiful people are more intelligent, Kanazawa & Kovar (2004) (�…

- - - - Even for unrelated/specific tasks, e.g. flying airplane
  - - - ? Extrinsic, non causal correlation
  - - - ? Beauty is not completely subjective
        
        � Beauty standards at least partially innate
        
        ? Infants (to young to have learned beauty standards)
        
        � focus longer on faces judged as beautiful
        
        � less withdrawn in interaction with good looking strangers
        
        � Play longer with attractive dolls
        
        � Beauty standards are culturally universal -> same for diff cultures
      - ? Beauty = indicator of genetic & environmental health
        
        � Evidence that physically attractive people = healthier than less attractive
        
        � Features characterizing physically attractive faces:
        
        ? Bilateral symmetry
        
        ? Averageness
        
        ? Secondary sexual characteristics
        
        � Fluctuating asymmetry (FA) increases with exposure to parasites, pathogens, toxins, genetic disruptions
        
        ? Healthy individuals show less FA & more symmetry in facial & bodily features -> more attractive
        
        � Positive correlation parasite & pathogen prevalence in environment <-> importance placed on physical attractiveness for mate selection
        
        � Facial averageness might result from heterogeneity of genes -> indicates resistance to larger number of parasites
    - - ? Human brain not necessarily adapted to current environment, but ancestral environment
        
        � stereotypes/common perceptions -> universally shared
        
        ? E.g. high-status people = taller
        
        � mostly physical competition in ancestral environment -> height was an advantage & most high status people were tall
  - - - ? General intelligence = important determinant of success
      - ? Correlation between occupational prestige and mean IQ: .90 - .95
      - ? Support from longitudinal data -> evidence for causality
      - ? Intergenerational mobility:
        
        � Sons with IQ higher than fathers -> upward mobility
        
        � Sons with IQ lower than father -> downward mobility
      - ? Workers with higher IQ in same occupation -> often better worker
        
        � Based on supervisor ratings & objective productivity data
      - ? Cognitive ability related to JP: r=.75
    - - ? Theoretical arguments from evolutionary perspective
        
        � Men in all cultures prefer physically attractive women
        
        � Women in all cultures prefer high status males
      - ? Intermarriage in India (Davis 1941): women marrying into higher castes always physically attractive
      - ? Women's physical attractiveness strongly related to husband's occupational status (Elder 1969)
      - ? Upwardly mobile women more physically attractive than others (Udry 1977)
    - - ? Estim. heritability: .4 and .8
      - ? Nonshared environment more important than shared
    - - ? No studies directly testing this -> estimate heritability from other topics
      - ? Some evidence
  - - - ? Can be strengthened by self-fulfilling prophecy
- - - - ? Controlled for sex, age, weight
    - - ? Not as strongly as expected
      - ? Validity similar to other predictors
    - - ? Predictive for perceptions/evaluations from others
    - - ? Factor for promotions & pay decisions
    - - ? Could have indirect influence (e.g. when customer decisions important)
  - - - ? Career success: outcome/achievement accumulated as result of one's work
        
        � Measured by earnings & ascendency into leadership positions
      - ? Height effects success through several mediating processes
    - - ? Social esteem = how positively one is evaluated by others
        
        � "perceived stature", "perceived esteem"
      - ? Evolutionary advantage: height -> interpreted as power
      - ? Basic human perception bias: expect positive relationship between size & value/status
        
        � For objects & humans
      - ? Social norms: height = metaphor for importance & power
    - - ? Physical appearance effects psychological adjustment & correlated with self esteem
      - ? Height is linked to social power -> short people might be dissatisfied with stature
      - ? High social esteem -> influence own self esteem -> feeling of self worth & self confidence
        
        � Self-fulfilling prophecy
    - - ? Effect might be stronger for objective performance
      - ? Social self esteem can lead to objective performance
        
        � Jobs where social interactions important
      - ? Self fulfilling prophecy: esteem -> more able to deliver job results -> become more esteemed
      - ? Might effect supervisor ratings
    - - ? Self esteem, confidence, pose -> assets in most jobs -> lead to enhanced JP
      - ? Expect higher performance ratings
        
        � -> high self esteem people viewed more positively + better liked
    - - ? Organizations want high productivity -> rewards tied to productivity
  - - - ? Height socially desirable
      - ? Tall people judged as more persuasive
    - - ? Index for power & strength -> make fight/flight decision
    - - ? Napoleon complex (Alfred Adler)
        
        � Short people feel inadequate -> inferiority complex
  - - - B) Height is positively related to earnings