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Bidding (Historic background (Westerbeek et al (2002)- hallmark events are…

- - - - Power of the people on bid committee to influence others, either political commercial or public
      - If the bid team contains powerful individuals it can facilitate the awarding of gifts and increase human contact to decision makers
      - Least important but possible because many of the tolls for this are slightly controversial (bribery)
    - - Necessary to have a mix of competencies in terms of operation alongside perception of competencies
      - Good to have a broad range of expertise and background including visible proof of relevant expertise (i.e. former athletes) and external networks
    - - Existing reputation of a city
      - IT and comms infrastructure already there or can be there
    - - Need to do this as they have spent public money
      - Can be done by establishing a presence as being competent in bidding, having a city with a games history or a range of facilities
      - Ability for bidders to prove they can be identify key targets and generate goodwill by leaving a tangible legacy
  - - - Technical event management as well as funding ability. These are both displayed in previous examples of event hosting
      - The abilities of the core event hosting team are most significant
    - - Closely related to ability- location and accessibility of the event
      - Attractiveness of this can be an element, alongside potential the catchment area
      - Community support also necessary here
    - - The pre-existing world class facilities already in place
      - These are signs of already having hosted other major events and an example of legacies already delivered from previous events
    - - Helps deliver other added value aspects of events- regeneration
      - Necessary in securing resources and providing stability that will help deliver long term goals
- - - - Strong appropriate leadership
      - Active political and gov support
      - Technical basis fundamental
      - Powerful and unique message, narrative
      - Effective bid organisation, board. United team
      - Know who you are pitching to, understand their view point
      - Communications and marketing
      - Sense of purpose
    - - Coherent and unique purpose of winning the bid- England failed in relation to provide adequate accountability to the FIFA voters
      - Really effective 2012 team and strong relationship with the governing bodies
      - Made a political judgement on how to lobby
      - Relationship marketing a key failure of England 2018- despite it being a lesser important factor
      - Clearly it is notable that all of the alleged failures or weaknesses of the England 2018 bid were supporting factors