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PLATO (INTRODUCTION=PLATO GREEK PHILOPHER (KEY IDEAS (IDEAS, COMMUSIM,…
PLATO
INTRODUCTION=PLATO GREEK PHILOPHER
BOOKS : THE REPUBLIC, THE STATESMAN, THE LAWS
FATHER OF PHILOSOPHICAL IDEALISM
HIS IDEAS WERE BASED ON THE FACT THAT THERE EXIST A UNIVERSAL ORDER
METHODOLOGY: DEDUCTIVE(PHILOSOPHICAL) => BASED ON DIALOGUE WITH SOCRETES.... DIALECTICS
BACKGROUND=ATHENS LOST WAR AGAINST SPARTA
SO PLATO WANTED TO FIND REASON FOR DEFEAT IN POLYPONESIAN WAR
KEY IDEAS
IDEAS
COMMUSIM
SOUL
JUSTICE
PHILOSOPHER KING: LYNCHPIN OF PLATO'S THEORY
EDUCATION
INFLUENCES
PYTHAGORES
SOCRETES
PARMANDIUS
CRITICS
ARISTOTLE
KARL POPPER
PLATO IDEAL STATE A UTOPIA
BECOZ HE DOES ACCOUNT OF WORLD OF SENSES FRO, WHERE IT CAME INTO EXISTENCE BUT NOTHING ABOUT WORLD OF BEING
IN HIS THEORY OF SOUL PLATO SUGGEST THAT PRODUCER CLASS TO WORK IN SUBORDINATION OF GUARDIAN CLASS BUT DIDN'T TELL FOR HOW LONG THIS SUBORDINATION WILL LAST
ALSO PLATO STATED THAT INEQUALITY IS ROOT CAUSE OF ALL THE PROBLEMS BUT SUGGEST THERE EXIST A NATURAL INEQUALITY IN FORM SOULS
THERE BY PLATO CREATING A RHETORIC FOR ARISTOCRAT CLASS TO RULE
GREECE TRADEGY
IT IS NOT POSSIBLE TI DEVISE A SCHEME WHICH IS 100% ACCURATE TO IDENTIFY PERSONS APLITUDE
SOCRATES INFLUENCE ON PLATO
PLATO CONSIDERED HIMSELF AS DISCIPLE OF SOCRATES & SOCRATES AS WISEST MAN ON THIS UNIVERSE
3 INFLUENCES
SOCRATES EXECUTION IS THE REASON THAT PLATO IS ANTI DEMOCRATIC(THOUGH DOESN.T CONSIDER FACT DOESNT EVEN OPPOSE HIS EXECUTION)
METHOD OF DIALECTICS
NOW THIS KNOWLEDGE RESIDES IN SOUL
SOUL CAN TELL WHAT TO DO WHAT NOT TO DO :arrow_double_down:
SO IT IS SOCRATES FROM WHERE CONCEPT OF ETHICS EMERGE
NOW TO UNDERSTAND SOUL ONE REQUIRES REASON :arrow_double_down:
AND REASON TO BE DEVELOPED THROUGH DIALECTICS
DIALECTICS IS LOGICAL ARGUMENTATION B/W A TEACHER AND DISCIPLE TO ENLIGHTEN THE SOUL
THEORY OF KNOWLEDGE
UNEXAMINED LIFE IS NOT WORTH LIVING
KNOWLEDGE IS VIRTUE
IN ANCIENT GREECE EDUCATION WAS PRIVATIZED AND WAS IN HANDS OF SOPHISTS.. WHO TAUGHT ORATORICAL SKILL TO HOW TO GET INTO POWER
and with that power money was to be amassed. thus power and money being means to each other
this was source of corruption that leads to inequality
NOW PEOPLE ARE AFTER MATERIAL PLEASURE AS THEY LACK TRUE KNOWLEDGE
WHICH IS TRUE ESSENCE OF HAPPINESS :arrow_double_down:
THAT'S WHY SOCRATES SAY KNOWLEDGE IS VIRTUE
KNOWLEDGE IS OF 2 TYPES
KNOWLEGDE OF SOPHISTS
OPINION, RHETORICS, ILLUSIONS
KNOWLEDGE OF SOCRATES
CONCEPTUAL FUNDAMENTAL , WHICH CANT BE SHAKEN
PLATO USES SOCRATES'S THEORY OF KNOWLEDGE TO GIVE HIS THEORY OF IDEAS
THEORY OF IDEAS: THEORY OF EXISTENCE OF TWO WORLD : IDEAL AND IMPERFECT WORLD
THIS :arrow_double_up: PLATO EXPLAINS THROUGH ALLEGORY OF CAVE
ALLEGORY OF CAVE REPRESENTS A STORY WITH HIDDEN MAENING
IN WHICH SOME PEOPLE ARE INSIDE.. A CAVE FACING A WALL SEE A SHADOW OF BIRDS FLYING OUTSIDE THE CAVE AND PERCIEVE SHADOW TO BE REALITY
HERE CAVE REPRESNTS IGNORANCE, SHADOW = WORLD OF SENSES, SUN REPRESENTS WORLD OF BEINGS
SO THROGH ALLEGORY OF CAVE PALTO SAYS REALITY IS SHADOW OF IDEAS
SO IDEAS IS :
PERMANENT AND THIS WORLD IS EVER CHANGING
IDEA IS PERFECT MANIFESTATION OF PHYSICAL FORM LIKE GOD I IS PERFECT FORM OF MAN
PLATO HELD THAT WHEN SOMEONE WILL DRAG THESE PEPOLE OUT OF CAVE FOR SOMETIME EYES WILL PAIN BUT LATTER THEY WILL KNOW ESSENCE OF LIFE
SIMILARLY PEOPLE WILL FEEL SOME DISCOMFORT WHEN THERE VEIL OF IGNORANCE IS REMOVED BUT GET WILL GET ENLIGHTENED
THAT WHY PLATO CALLED FATHER FATHER OF PHILOSOPHICAL IDEALISM AS IT ESTD. SUPREMACY OF PHILOSOPHY OVER PHYSICS
SO PLATO LINKED POLITICAL WITH ETHICAL THUS MAKING STATECRAFT AS SOUL CRAFT
THUS PLATO MADE POLITICAL PHILOSOPHY ARCHITECTONIC
PHILOSOPHER KING
ORIGIN OF THEORY
IN ATHENS NOT ONE BUT TWO CITY STATES EXIST.. ONE RICH N POOR :arrow_double_down:
THIS INEQUALITY IS ROOT CAUSE OF ALL PROBLEMS :arrow_double_down:
INEQUALITY IS CAUSED BY CORRUPTION :arrow_double_down:
CORRUPTION : BECOZ PEOPLE ARE IGNORANT :arrow_double_down:
TO REMOVE IGNORANCE: INSTITUTION OF
PHILOSOPHER KING AND THEORY OF GOOD
(IDEAS) ARE EVOLVED
ACC. TO PLATO: " UNTIL THERE IS PHILOSOPHER KING OR RULAR LEARNS PHILOSOPHY , THERE IS NO END TO PREDICAMENT OF HUMAN SUFFERING"
PHILOSOPHER KING WILL BE BEST TO RULE IDEAL STATE AS HE HAS TRUE KNOWLEDGE SO HE IS LEAST ENTHUSED ABOUT ACQUIRING POWER HIMSELF
SO PLATO'S IDEAS FOR FIRST TIME GAVE ACCOUNT OF ENCOUNTER B/W PHILOSOPHY & POLITICS
TO PROVE SUPREMACY OF PK PLATO GIVES FOLLOWING THEORIES
THEORY OF IDEAS
ACC. TO PLATO "REALITY IS SHADOWS OF IDEAS"
ACC. TO PLATO THER ARE TWO WORLDS
INTELLIGIBLE WORLD OR IDEAL WORLD
WORLD OF BEINGS OR FORMS
WHICH IS IMMUTABLE , PERMANENT AND PERFEC(BASED ON PREMISE OF PERMANDIUS THAT UNIVERSAL ORDER IS PERMANANCE)T
WORLD OF SENSES OR OPINION
WORLD OF OPIIONS WHICH IS NOT REAL BUT A COPY AND IS CONSTANTLY CHANGING(BASED ON PREMISE OF HERACLITUS THAT CHANGE VIS UNIVERSAL ORDER)
DIMURGE: IS ARCHITECT OF WORLD OF SENSES
CRITICISM : PLATO DOESN'T GIVE ACCOUNT FROM WHERE THIS WORLD OF BEING CAME INTO BEING
AND PHILOSOPHER KING be LINK B/W THE TWO WORLD SO HE WILL RULE WORLD OF SENSES WITH ETHOS OF WORLD OF FORMS
but why so??? to justify this plato gives theory of souls
THEORY OF SOUL
SOUL HAS THREE ELEMENTS(CAR): MYTHS OF METALS
APPETITE
THOSE BY APPETITE ARE SOUL OF COPPER AND FIT TO BE TRADER OR PRODUCER CLAS
REASON
THOSE WHO ARE DOMINATED OF REASON ARE PHILOSOPHICAL CLASS OT GOLDEN SOUL AND FIT TO BE PHILOSOPHER KING
COURAGE
THOSE BY COURAGE ARE FIT BE WARIIOR CLASS AND ARE CLASS SILVER SOUL
BUT ALL SOULS ARE NOT EQUAL
THERE EXIST A NATURAL INEQUALITY(THOUGH DENOUNCED INEQUALITY AS ROOT CAUSE OF ALL PROBS.)
ALSO SINCE ACC. TO PLATO THESE TRAITS ARE NOT HEREDITARY SO PARENTS TO GIVE THERE CHILD TO STATE WHICH WILL DECIDE WHAT HE IS FIT TO DO(TGHEORY OF EDUCATION)
INFLUENCED BY PYTHOGORES
UNIVERSE IS BASED ON SOME MATHEMATICAL PRINCIPLE
IMP. OF GEOMETRY IN IMPROVING LOGIC
CONCEPT OF SOUL
ACC. TO PLATO : EVERY HUMAN HAS SOUL
THEORY OF JUSTICE
IDEA OF JUSTICE HAS BEEN CORE CONCERN OF POLITICAL PHILOSOPHY FROM ANCIENT TIMES TO NOW
PLATO EXPLAINS JUSTICE VIA PROCESS OF DIALECTICS
USES 4 CHARACTERS
CEPHALAS
PLATO ASKS TO CEPALAS WHAT DOES HE MEAN BY JUSTICE
CEPALAS REPLIES
1.JUSTICE IS DOING ONE'S DUTY
2.JUSTICE IS FULFILLING HIS DUES
PLATO REPLIES
PLATO APPROVES 1ST IDEA
BUT PLATO HAS RESERVATIONS ABOUT 2ND IDEA
PLATO SAY IS IT JUST TO RETURN A WEAPON TO MAD MAN??
FOR EG : THOUGH PAK HAVE HELPED US IN SOVIET AFGAN WAR BUT IS IT JUSTIFIED NOW FOR US HELP PAK NOW
SO 2ND STATEMENT CANT BE APPLIED UNIVERSALLY
POLYMARCHUS(SON OF CEPHALUS)
SAYS PLATO MISINTERPRETED HIS FATHER'S ARGUMENT
JUSTICE IS ABOUT GIVING WHAT ONE DESERVES
GOOD FOR FRIEND AND EVIL FOR ENEMY
PLATO REPLIES
IT IS NOT EASY TO IDENTIFY WHO IS OUR FRIEND OR ENEMY
GOING BY ABOVE INTERPRETATION WE END UP DOING HARM TO OUR FRIEND & GOOD TO UR ENEMY
SO JUSTICE SHOULD NOT HARM THE INNOCENT(INDIAN JUDICIARY WORKS ON THIS PRINCIPLE)
THRASYMACHUS(A SOPHIST)
ACC. TO HIM JUSTICE IS IN INTEREST OF STRONGER ... MIGHT IS RIGHT
REALITY OF WORLD IS PEOPLE RECOGNIZES ARGUMENT OF POWER NOT POWER OF ARGUMENT
SO ACC. TO THRASYMACHUS IS GOOD TO OVERLOOK THE LAW(FIRST VERSION OF CIVIL DISOBEDIANCE)
PLATO'S REPLY
PLATO DOESN'T HAVE A STRONG ARGUMENT AGAINST THIS
PLATO HELDS THAT JUSTICE IS IN INTEREST OF ALL
SOUL OF LAW BREAKER IS NOT SATISFIED
ALSO MIGHT IS RIGHT WILL TO CONFLICT AND CHAOS
THRASYMACHUS PROPOSES REALISM AND PLATO PROPOSES IDEALISM
THIS DOESN'T MEAN THAT BOTH ARE ANTITHESIS RATHER THEY ARE COMPLEMENTARY TO EACH OTHER
IDEALISM W/O REALISM WILL TURN INTO UTOPIA
AND REALISM(WHAT IS) W/O IDEALISM (WHAT OUGHT TO)WILL GET STAGNATE
FOR EG: INDIA CALLED FOR DISARMAMENT FOR SEVERAL DECADES BUT FINALLY IT HAD TO ACCQUIRE NUKES AFTER WHICH INDIA RECIEVED WORLD ATTENTION AND REPUTE AS A GLOBAL PLAYER BUT ITS CALL FOR DISARMAMENT BUILT INDIA SOFTPOWER WHICH MADE OTHER COUNTRIES LIKE JAPAN TO SIGN NUKE DEAL EVEN INDIA HASN;T SIGN NPY
GLUCAN : CONTRACTUAL THEORY ORIGIN
ACC. TO GLUCAN JUSTICE IS INTEREST OF WEAK
ACC. TO HIM WHO CAN'T PROTECT THEMSELVES THEY CAME TOGETHER TO FORM STATE
PLATO REPLIES THAT STATE IS INTERST OF ALL WHETHER STRONG OR POOR BOTH REQIRE STATE
CONCLUSION THAT CAN BE DERIVED FROM DIALECTICS
JUSTICE IS ONE'S DUTY(CEPHALUS)
JUSTICE SHOULDN'T HARM INNOCENT(POLYMARCHUS)
MIGHT IS RIGHT IS NOT THE CONCEPT OF JUSTICE
JUSTICE OR LAWS ARE IN BENEFIT OF ALL
PLATO'S IDEA OF JUSTICE
PLATO'S AMBITION IS TO KNOW WHAT IS PERFECT IDEA OF JUSTICE
TO UNDERSTAND THIS REASON IS NEEDED AND WE WILL GET TO KNOW THIS THROUGH SOUL
SO SOUL DOMINATED BY REASON OVER COURAGE AND APPETITE IS JUST SOUL
PLATO'S IDEA IS
EACH ELEMENT TO IN ORDER OF PREF: REASON>> COURAGE>>APPETITE
NO INTERFERENCE IN EACH OTHER'S DOMAIN
BY THIS THERE WILL BE EXCELLANCE AND HARMONY(HARMONY HOW??)
ALSO ACC. TO PLATO "STATE IS INDIVIDUAL WRIT LARGE"
ACC.. TO HIM IDEA OF JUSTICE ALSO APPLICABLE AT STATE LEVEL AS SATE IS MAGNIFIED VERSION OF INDIVIDUAL
STATE ALSO TO BE DIVIDED INTO 3 CLASSES: RULING CLASS + SOLDIER CLASS(GUARDIAN CLASS )AND PRODUCER CLASS
AND SAME PRINCIPLE ABOVE OF PLATO'S IDEA OF JUSTICE: NO INTERFRENCE AND SUBORDINATION
poltical thinkers
BACKCHOD KrK NE CPI-M join karliK
BACKCHOD= BACKGROUND
KrK= KEY STATEMENTS + KEYS IDEAS
C= CRITIC
P= PURPOSE & PRESPECTIVE
I= INFLUENES
M= METHODOLGY