HAZARD PROFILING
Not all tectonic hazards are the same, we can visually compare different events by creating a hazard profile of physical characteristics of any tectonic event.

There are a few issues with hazard profiling;
❌ It is difficult to rank multiple hazards on one scale as certain elements become inaccurately displayed or are discluded.
❌ It can be difficult to compare hazards with different measure scales, for example the VEI for volcanic eruptions cannot be compared against the Richter scale used for Earthquakes.
❌ The impacts of earthquakes, tsunamis and volcanic eruptions vary spatially and temporally and also have different effects on society.

OTHER IMPORTANT FACTORS WHEN ASSESSING HAZARDS
-DEGG DISASTER MODEL
The idea that only when a natural hazard event causes a significant impact on a vulnerable population, can a disaster occur.

OTHER PROCESSES OCCURING ALONG THE COAST

• Transportation by LSD, con/destructive waves saltation, traction, suspension and solution
• Deposition; material carried by waves gets deposited causing depositional landforms such as beaches, spits
• Mass movement including rotational slips (slumping) and rock fall.
• Weathering; the breaking down or dissolving of rocks or chemicals, mechanicallly (physically breaking down) or chemically (chemically altering composition to break them down)

4 TYPES OF EROSION -
Erosion is the process of wearing away and breaking down rocks.

• HYDRALUIC ACTION - water forced into cracks in the cliff will cause rocks to blast apart under pressure.
• ABRASION - Large rocks are thrown against the cliff face, wearing it down.
• ATTRITION - Loose sand is moved around by waves, colliding with sediment, making it smaller and rounder.
• SOLUTION - slightly acidic waters will, over time corrode soft rocks such as limestone.

KEY FEATURES OF A SEDIMENT CELL-
⭐SOURCES - places where sediment is generated, eg. eroding cliffs or sand dunes, offshore bars, and river systems
⭐TRANSFERS - places where sediment is moving along the shore through longshore drift and offshore currents eg. Beaches, dunes and salt marshes
⭐SINKS - locations where the dominant process is deposition; depositional landformsare created here eg. spits and offshore bars.
⭐STORES
⭐INPUTS - where sediment is added to the sediment cell
⭐OUTPUTS - where sediment is removed from the sediment cell

PROCESSES OCCURING IN A SEDIMENT CELL

• Erosion - the process of wearing away rocks by hydraulic action, abrasion, attrition and erosion.
• Transportation by LSD, con/destructive waves saltation, traction, suspension and solution
• Deposition; material carried by waves gets deposited causing depositional landforms such as beaches, spits
• Mass movement including rotational slips (slumping) and rock fall.
• Weathering; the breaking down or dissolving of rocks or chemicals, mechanicallly (physically breaking down) or chemically (chemically altering composition to break them down)

WHAT IS A SEDIMENT CELL?
Sediment is sourced by weathering and erosion, and is transported and deposited to produce coastal landforms. This movement usually occurs in an area where the sediment movement is largely self contained.

WHAT IS A TNC?
TNCs are major companies with a presence in at least two countries. Many TNCs are so economically powerful and politically influential that yhey rival national economies and societies through supply chains and marketing strategies

Market liberalisation has helped TNCs to create large global production networks (GNPs).
GNPs are a chain of suppliers of parts and materials that contribute to the manufacturing or assembly of consumer goods.

FACTS & FIGURES -
💥 TNCs account for 25% of the worlds economic activity
💥 Generate 2/3 of the worlds trade
💥 Top 500 TNCs account for 90% of FDI

OFFSHORING - Move parts of own production to another country, usually to avoid labour costs.
OUTSOURCING - TNCs contract another company to produce the goods and services they need rather than do it themselves. This can result the growth of complex supply chains.

MEASURING THE IMPACTS OF HAZARDS
Impacts of hazards can be classified as tangible - losses can be measured physically eg. cars - or intangible - losses can't be valued eg. temples and sacred buildings

PHYSICAL IMPACTS -
💥 tangible - cracks in crust, landslides
💥 intangible - loss of landmarks

HUMAN IMPACTS -
💥 tangible - death, injuries
💥 intangible - psychological impacs (PTSD) or loss of loved ones

ECONOMIC IMPACTS -
💥 tangible - loss of infrastructure
💥 intangible - slow of economic growth, loss of skills (civil services and emergency services)

FORMATION OF A HEADLAND -

FORMATION OF A WAVE CUT PLATFORM -

1. Freeze thaw weathering weakens the rock
2. Hydraulic action and abrasion (concentrated erosion) erode the cliff base
3. Continued erosion causes more rock to break away, so it is unsupported and becomes dangerous.
4. The notch becomes so enlarged that the overhang cliff can no longer defy gravity, and falls onto the beach
5. As the cliff retreats, the former base of the cliff is left as a wave cut platform
   

BERKSHIRE - SUCESSFUL PLACES
What makes a place successful? - transport connections, skilled labour, jobs available or ability to commute, lowcrime rate, economic growth and general wealth

BERKSHIRE

• M4 motorway runs along the county, and large influences from Heathrow Airport and M25 East. The Thames has created wide flat floodplain ideal for high quality building and work
• Since 2001 census, the population has grown by 16.3% in Slough - fastest growing in SE England.
• Principle towns such as Reading and Slough are home to major ICT companies eg Microsoft, Oracle. The Slough trading estate - the UK's largest industrial park has HQs of TNCs such as O2, Dulux and Vodaphone.
• ONS survey in 2008 showed roughly half workers employed in knowledge based managerial and professional occupations, another 70,000 well qualified workers expected by 2020.