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Lesson 10 (Ecology of the Mass Media (9-5 Screen Media and Socialization:…

- - - - Violence on TV is measured in terms of prevalence, rate, and role. Prevalence is the extent to which violence occurs in the program; rate is the frequency of violent episodes; and role is the number of characterizations of violence or victimization.
    - - factuality (Did it happen in the real and unrehearsed world, or was it constructed and scripted for TV?)
      - social realism (how similar is the TV portrayal to an actual event?
    - - checking ratings and evaluating what kinds of programs may be view
      - viewing television with their children and discussing the programs
      - arranging family activities other than television viewing.
      - controlling the number of hours of television exposure
  - - - Cultivation Theory: Gerbner and colleagues (2002) believe media content affects viewers’ beliefs about the world and consequently alters their behavior.
      - Motivation Theory: Rubin (2002) the impact of media depends on how media are used and the individual abilities and characteristics of the user
      - Social Cognitive Theory: Bandura (2001), media contribute to
        children’s learning by enabling them to observe role models behave on screen.
      - Displacement Theory: according to some researchers (anderson, huston, schmitt, linebarger, & Wright, 2001), media used for entertainment may displace important developmental activities such as play, hobbies, games, sleep, studying, reading, physical activities, and social engagements, especially conversations with family and friends
  - - - The percentage of children read to daily drops even lower (to 36%) among low-income families, whose children face the highest risk of literacy problems.
      - Even among high-income families, however, more than two out of every five children are not read to daily
      - Fewer than half (48%) of young children in the u.s. are read to daily, meaning that more than 13 million children under 5 go to bed every night without a bedtime story.
    - - values: Newbery Medal award given yearly for the most distinguished contribution to American literature for children
      - cope with problems
      - role models: models of behavior, models of gender roles, and models of occupational roles
      - understand feelings
  - - - 1996, the FCC expanded this act by ruling that all commercial stations must broadcast at least three hours of children’s educational or informational programs per week
  - - - being exposed to online information that promotes hate, violence, and pornography
      - being misled and bombarded with intense advertising
      - accessing areas that are inappropriate or overwhelming
      - being invited to register for prizes or to join a club where they are providing personal or household information to an unknown source.
    - - privacy issues regarding the ability to track online usage patterns and gain access to personal data
      - the capacity to hack into unauthorized information
      - piracy issues over illegal transfer of copyrighted material
      - viruses and worms that can destroy data on computers
      - unsolicited junk mail, or “spam.”
  - - - spreaders: extend our capacity as human beings to process information and, in so doing, transform us in some way (for example, they enhance our ability to multitask
      - transformers: new media create new environments, as well as new ways of looking at existing environments.
      - shapers: form and content affect us in some way (for example, they influence the products we buy)
  - - - 15 percent say they have received such images of someone they know via text message
  - - - Public Interest Groups
      - Cable & Satellite
      - Public Broadcasting Service
      - Recording Device
    - - enhances student comprehension and discussion
      - provides greater accommodation of diverse learning styles
      - aids in the development of a common base of knowledge among students
      - increases student motivation and enthusiasm
      - reinforces reading and lecture material
      - promotes teacher effective