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Chapter 10 Judaism Practices Part 2 (10.14 Pesach (Passover Seder (Seder…
Chapter 10 Judaism Practices Part 2
10.9 Bar and Bat Mitzvah
Coming of age
When boys reach 13 and girls reach 12 they're old enough to take responsibility to practice their faith
Boys have a Bar Mitzvah- Become a son of the commandment
Girls have a Bat Mitzvah- Become daughter of the commandment
Celebrating
Bar
Boy reads from the Torah at the 1st opportunity after they're 13
Synagogues hold classes to prepare for this
He wears a tallit for the 1st time and may lead part of the prayer and make a speech
Father thanks God for bringing his son to maturity- declares he's responsible for actions
Many then hold a celebratory meal or party honouring him- receives gifts
Bat
Reform Jews usually have a ceremony and celebrations for girls that's very similar to the boys
Girl will read from Torah and lead part of service- followed by party or meal
Orthodox Jews mark it with a family meal and small religious gifts
Girl may make a speech and give brief Torah lesson at end of synagogue service
In future it's her job to prep other girls for their Bat Mitzvah
10.11 Mourning for the dead
Customs
If someones nearing death family visit and makes sure someone stays with them so they don't die alone
Person makes final confession and recites Shema
When a family member dies they make a small tear in their clothes- Parent=over heart, Close relative= right side of chest and say a blessing showing they accept God taking them
"Jacob rent his clothes, put sackcloth on his loins and observed mourning for his son for many days"
Genesis
Mourning
Jews believe the soul doesn't fully leave until the burial
During this time the soul must feel comfort from family- grieve without following religious rules
After burial- meal of condolence- eggs and bread marks the end of immediate mourning period
Shiva (7 days of intense mourning) then begins on the day of burial
They stay at how sit on stools, don't wear leather shoes, shave or cut their hair, wear make-up or do work and mirrors are covered and they wear torn clothes
Prayer service held 3 times in the home and the mourners recite the kaddish to praise God and pray for the coming age of eternal peace
Lesser period of mourning begins until 30 days after their death- normal life returns but the can't listen to music, go to parties, shave or cut their hair and male mourners say daily kaddish
Final period lasts for 11 months- don't attend parties and children continue to say the kaddish for a parent who died
On the anniversary of death the kaddish and burn a candle that burns for 24hrs
The funeral
Reform Jews accept cremation most Jews are buried however- as soon as possible after death
Before burial someone stays with the body and candles lit beside it
Body is washed and wrapped in plain lined cloth and a tallit for a man- a corner fringe of tallit removed- no longer be used in this life- placed in a simple coffin, all are equal in death
Body taken to cemetery- service lasts about 20 minutes
Psalms recited and scriptures read and rabbi says a few words
Mourners shovel earth over coffin and everyone washes hands to offer condolences
After 12 months of mourning the tombstone is placed and the often place a stone to show they've visited
10.12 Dietary Laws
Dietary laws
Kosher- permitted
Trefah- not permitted
Laws found in Torah
Originally for health reasons
Orthodox very strictly follow them
Must develop self control
Test of obedience from God
Reform think they're outdated
Individuals choice to follow them
Kosher Butcher's
Meat must be killed a certain way
Must be slaughtered with a sharp knife by a trained Jew
Animal can'tsuffer
Blood is drained from animal and certain organs are removed
Kosher food examples- cows and sheep
Trefah food examples- Pork and camel
Jewish Kitchen
Certain combinations are not allowed
i.e. meat and dairy
"You shall not boil a kid in its mothers milk"
Exodus
Many orthodox homes have two sinks and two food prep areas- To keep dairy and meat away from each other
May have two sets of cutlery and crockery
Most synagogues have kosher kitchens
Makes it hard to eat out as they must make sure it is kosher
To make it easier some supermarkets put kosher labels on their products- certified by Jewish authorities
10.14 Pesach
Origins of Pesach
Aka Passover- recalls the night God passed over houses of Jewish slaves but killed first born son from Egyptian families
Moses asked the Pharaoh to let the Israelites go- he refused- God sent a series of plagues
Prep
God told them to celebrate release from Egypt by eating unleavened bread for seven days each year
Remove leaven from home (barley, oats etc.)- symbolises how they didn't have time for the bread to rise
Clean their homes and some firstborn sons fast in thanksgiving for their escape from death
Passover Seder
Pesach lasts for 7-8 days. Seder meal held on the 1st night
Mother lights candle- welcoming in the festival
Meal begins with the Kiddush blessing over the wine
On the table
Red wine- reminder of lambs blood
Unleavened bread- didn't have time for it to rise
Salt Water- Tears
Bitter herbs- bitterness of slavery
Green veg- new life
Roasted egg and lamb bone- symbolise sacrafice
Middle matzo broken- largest piece hidden to find later
Seder plate
Green vegetable
Bitter herbs
Second bitter herb
Charoset
Roasted egg
Lamb bone
Youngest family member asks 4 questions and the story of the escape from Egypt told
4 glasses of wine poured and blessed and shared, the 5th cup is poured and the door left open for the Prophet Elijah
Ends with wish that those present can celebrate next year in Jerusalem
Importance
Celebrates the birth of the Jewish nation, freedom, entering the promised land and being made the people of God. Show gratitude to God. Traditions are passed of.
10.8 Ceremonies associated with birth
Importance of Rituals
Family where Jewish faith is preserved and traditions passed on
Four important events are celebrated with religious rituals- called rites of passage
They are birth, coming of age, marriage and death
Ceremonies associated with birth
Naming
Boys named at circumcision- about 8 days after birth
Girls- traditional for father to announce their name about a month after birth
Now- common for them to be blessed in the synagogue he 1st shabbat after birth
Father recites Torah blessing- asks God for good health for wife and baby
Girls name would be announce but boys wait until circumcision
Reform both parents take part
Brit Milah
Circumcision recalls the covenant with Abraham
Lifelong reminder of membership of God's chosen people
"any male who is uncircumcised has broken My covenant"
Genesis
Boys have Brit Milah when they're 8 days old
A trained circumciser places him on the knee of a person chosen to be the companion of the child (often the grandfather)
Boy's father blesses him:
"Blessed are you Lord our God, King of the Universe, who sanctifies us with his mitzvot and commanded us to enter my son into the covenant of Abraham"
others respond
" Just as he has entered into the covenant so ma he enter into Torah, into marriage and into good deeds"
Blessing said over wine and boy is formally names - foreskin is removed and family and guests then celebrate
Redemption of 1st born son
Orthodox Jews give a small amount of money 31 days after birth of firstborn son to redeem him from Temple service
Temple no longer exists but some keep up tradition- service called Pidyon Ha-Ben
5 Silver coins given to a kohen- descendant of a priest who used to work in the Temple
Prayers said asking that the child may enter into the Torah, into marriage and into good deeds
"but you shall have the first-born of man redeemed...Take as their redemption price, the money equivalent of five shekels"
Numbers
10.13 Rosh Hashanah and Yom Kippur
Origins
Rosh Hashanah
Anniversary of the day God created humans and the day of judgement
God keeps record of good and bad deeds and weighs them up on Rosh Hashanah
He decides their fortune for the coming year
During Jews do charitable work and try to atone for sins, people reflect on and take responsibility for their actions
Yom Kippur
The holiest and most important day
Day of Atonement- when God seals the book of judgement
Last chance to repent for sins
Usually atonement between us and God and God forgives their sins- relationship restored
Celebrating in Britain
Rosh Hashanah
Month before , ram's horn (Shofar) is blown daily in the synagogue
Prayers for forgiveness said all month
At the evening synagogue service, prayers focused on asking God to be the king of the word for the coming year
Service ends with a Kiddush blessing over wine
Festive meal begins with Kiddush blessing and apples dipped in honey are eaten
Fish head sometimes eaten to show desire for good deeds to grow in number like fish
Shofar blown 100 times in synagogue following morning- service is longer than normal with special prayers
Yom Kippur
No work done
Jews fast
Bathing, wearing leather shoes and sex are forbidden
Jews wear white (purity)
Most spend it in the synagogue- one of most important parts is general confession of sins as a community- When repenting use we not I
Final service- Ark doors open- they stand- last chance to confess- when doors close the judgement is sealed
Service ends with the blowing of the shofar to signal the end of the fast
10.10 Marriage
Importance
Marriage is a two-step process
Traditional for Jewish parents to choose a partner for their children
Marriage is more than just 2 people spending their lives together- it's a spiritual bond- souls fused to be one
Way of experiencing holiness in everyday life
"Hence a man leaves his father and mother and clings to his wife, so that they become one flesh"
Genesis
The Two-steps
Betrothal
Couple set aside for one another- has a legal status and can't be broken except by death or divorce
Special Kiddushin ceremony is held at the wedding
During this year they don't live together but prepare for their future lives together
During Kiddushin a wedding contract is drawn up
Orthodox- this covers husbands duties to wife, inheritance, support of children and divorce
Reform- focuses on spiritual aspirations- hopes for the marriage and promise not to oppose divorce
Last shabbat before wedding husband takes part in Torah blessing+ announces intention to marry
Small celebration after and couple and family may have a celebratory lunch- last time they see each other before wedding
Wedding
Take place on any day except Shabbat or a festival
Led by a rabbi and held under a canopy (chuppah), symbolises their home
May fast to cleanse them of sins
Betrothal takes place first- bride bought to join groom by mother
Recite two blessings over wine and groom places ring on brides finger
After betrothal groom breaks a glass to show regret for destruction of the temple- symbolises hardship as well as joy
Congregation shout 'Mozel Tov' and the couple spend a short amount of time together in a private room to symbolise new status as married couple- wedding reception follows