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medicine in Modern Britain (1900-present) (Lifestyle and better disgnosis,…
medicine in Modern Britain (1900-present)
Penicillin
stages of discovery
Fleming discovers Penicillin by accident but couldn't mass produce or test (1928)
Florey and Chain discover Fleming's work and test it and received a small amount of funding to mass produce (1938)
English factories were too busy making weapons (WW2) so Florey went to US and they mass produced (1941)
Penicllin was manufactured and used by everyone which took time but became more common in 1950/1960 (1945+)
Roles of Florey, Fleming and Chain
Fleming discovered it in 1928
Florey and Chain mass produced and tested it
Impact
On D-Day 1944 2.3 million does were given out
is the only successful antibiotic we have
saved 200 million lives since its first use in 1942
DNA
significance
people realizes that certain diseases could be passed from parent to child
Makes new discoveries possible
turning point 1
in 1953 Francis Crick and James Watson showed that dna was passed from parent to child and was in every human
turning point 2
In 1986 the Human Genome project began and finished in 2001 with 18 different countries working together and mapping out the complete set of genes in a loving creature
Lifestyle and better disgnosis
factors:
-smoking
-stress
-poverty
-poor diet
-being overweight
-lack of exercise
-drinking alcohol
smoking causes lung cancer
stress causes heart attacks
drinking alcohol causes liver failure
improvements in tech
microscopes= (electron) invented in 1931 allows doctors to see smaller objects in better detail
nuclear medicine= radioactive elements can track and diagnose a disease through body changes
endoscopes= a camera is passed into body so doctors can see inside without surgery
scans and monitors= identify cancers and other illnesses
treatments: advances in medicine
Aspirin
comes from willow bark
developments in science allowed doctors to extract the exact beneficial chemical
was called a 'cure all' pill
pharmaceutical companies
used experiments to decide exact dosage for patients
industrial tech to mass produce and commercial skills to market them worlwide
scientific techniques and equipment was used to identify exact beneficial chemical
Magic bullet
Paul Ehrlich developed salvarson 606 in 1909 but killed one of his patients
Gerhard Domagk developed prontosil in the 1930's and it was effective
the key chemical in both was sulphonamide
Treatments: improved access to care
problems
cost of medical treatment was expensive
many working people could not afford medicine/ doctor
1/3 of volunteers were rejected for Boer war because of ill health
attitudes
attitude to government involvement in peoples lives was changing
people accepted laws to improve healthcare because of knowledge of bacteria causing disease
timeline
1902- training for midwives was compulsory
1907- all births had to be notified to local officer of health
nurses/ doctors had to carry out medical checks in schools
1911- The national insurance act (workers received free healthcare and were paid when they were sick)
1912- clinics in schools gave kids free medical treatment
1919- Ministry of Health was set up
1919- The nursing act is set up
Impact o NHS from 1948
before
WW2 happened and most people got free healthcare
In 1928 all adults over 21 had the right to vote
8 million people had never seen a doctor before
Beveridge Report
In 1942 the civil servant sir William Beveridge was asked to report on the ways peoples lives needed to be improved
he recommended:
-setting up a free national health service
-everyone in work would pay insurance/ tax out of their own wages to fund
Beginning of NHS
In July 1948 it was introduced
impact
increased peoples life expectancy
protected patients from new illnesses
offered a range of services
New equipment was supplied
massively improved hospitals
Treatments: high tech medical /surgical
blood transfusions- created by Karl Landsteiner in 1901
x- rays- created by Wilhelm Rontgen in 1895
radio/chemo- created by Marie Currie and Pierre when they discovered Radium
transplant surgery- first heart transplant done by Dr Christiaan Bernard in 1967
plastic surgery- 11,000 during WW1 on bullet/ shell wounds
Improvements in preventions
preventing infectious diseases
vaccines and public health reforms eliminated many diseases e.g. smallpox
vaccines were used skeptically
emergency supplies of the polio vaccine had to be flown out to the US because the demand was so great
it took scientists a long time to both identify bacteria causing the disease and create a vaccine against it
genetic problems
id doctors knew the exact gene responsible they can screen patients and identifying potential illnesses
this allowed doctors to take action before the disease developed
illness caused by lifestyle
regular campaigns/ initiatives to try to prevent/ raise awareness of diseases linked to lifestyle
In 1992 the govs 'health of the nation' set targets for the NHS to reduce deaths in: HIV/AIDS, heart disease, cancer, mental illness and accidents
laws were passed to reduce pollution and improve food safety
Fighting Lung cancer in 21st century
prevention
anti- smoking campaigns
public areas have been made smoking banned
problems and danger
over 40,000 people are diagnosed every year
90% are results of smoking and some passive smoking
it is extremely difficult to diagnose in early stages
only 10% live longer than 10 years
it has extremely low survival rates compared to other cancers
treatment
surgery
radiotherapy
chemotherapy
immunotherapy
why was there such rapid progress?
attitudes= government/ scientists have realized the importance of improving healthcare overall
Science and tech= huge advancement means making new discoveries is easier
War= WW2 and WW1 forced Britain to improve healthcare
Gov= more willing to fund improvements and pass laws helping health and medicine