press and legislature propaganda 20/06
poins
surendrnath baneerji was the first person to be sent to prison for performing his duty as journalist.. BGT was most associated with fight for freedom of press and was sent to presion 3 times.
the day BGT was sentenced to prison there was huge public protest was organised including his critics moderates opposed the attack against civil liberties and freedom of press , many newspapers showed their displease by printing black border, people organised hartal. he became national leader got him name Lokmanya tilak.
Indian language newspaper has great challenge of reaching its semi literate audience.. explaining things in simplified nature. thus also had to use creative writing to be outside the law..
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1879 section 124A they often adopted clever ways of writing to be inside the law. but at the same time criticize and expose the shortcomings of the government. in the way of constructive critism(as a govt wellwisher), extractions from british papers etc..
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almost all the major political controversies were carried out in the newspaper. every policy of government was subjected to sharp criticism. press played a `vital role as oppsition. in many cased it was carried out with great care and vast learning backing it.
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running a press was not a profitable enterprise, it was often consider as national and public-service. self-sacrifices for the sake of nation.
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Informal library movements the newspapers didn't only limit itself to literates, even in villages groups were formed and news papers war read aloud.. and issues in them were discussed and opinions formed among people.. thus it not only became political educator but also became means of political participation and propagating modern democratic ideas, civil liberties etc.. in the earlier years of national struggle.
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this was also the period of emergence of strong nationalist newspapers Ex??
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even large work of INC was carried through press, as, congress didn't have itz own mechanism. infact many of founding father were journalists.
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during the period of 1870 1918 the mass participation in national movement was not known in this time the press played a vital role a being instrument for propagation of political ideas, politicization, arousing, training, formation of public opinion and educating the masses.
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political conscious attracted towards civil liberties even in earlier nineteenth century fought for freedom of perss.. like raja rammohan roy.
Legislature propaganda
due to pressure from nationalist, enacted Indian council Act 1992, which was a mockery of their demands..
therefore, demanded majority of non-official elected members, power to vote on budget , thus , control public purse.(raised slogan; no taxation without representation) Gradually raised their demand for elf government like self governing colonies. canada aus
plan of 1992 act of lord dufferin , was to give a place for venting political steam of raising nationalist. he knew they can only give speeches but will have no real power..
thought early nationalists believed ultimate goal for india was self -governance, they moved very cautiously. fearing being squashed in early stages of nationalization.
So, their political demand largely consisted of expanding of council, large number of electd Indian members, power to discuss and deal with Budget and crtitcize day-to-day business of administration.
indian leders turned these powerless council in place of powerful nationalist propaganda, by criticlly analyzing every government policy,, exposing their shortcomings, on bureaucracy , public finance, administration. they used the councils to grow their political stture, exdamining the intentions and methods of government's acts and poicies. they undermined political and moral influence of Britishnd generated Anti-Imperialistic sentiment.
most of of the Indians nominated were Elites(retired cS, merchants, rulers) , who didn't represent the Indian people or nationalist opinion. their participation in the council was also very poor.. voting records were poor.. often voted against Indian interest.
their speeches were fully published by the newspapers and new public interest in legislative proceedings developed.
after the 1857 mutiny, ,the statement and British officials thought one of reason was that Indian views were not known to rulers. thus, gave rise indian council Act 1961.(3)
Councils also attracted some notable nationalist leaders..
Legislative council in India didn't have any real power until 1920s, however word done by nationalists in them helped to growth of national movement.
Gopala K Gokhele, phershosha metha.. notable politicans.. whith exmpelary courage, fearless criticism and deep knowledge constantly campaigned against Govt.
gokhale , became to be known as greatest parliamentarian that india produced, exposed fallacies in Budgets.. got applause from press around. raised India's pride many notches . for next 10 years, highlighting drain of wealth misery and poverty of peasants. drain of wealth form India, govt neglect of Indian industries. lack of welfare measures, primary education, healthcare. questioned underdevelopment of Indian economy. moral dwarfing of Indians, official efforts to suppress press, civil liberties.... etc.
phershsha metha, showed exemplary courage and used of lucid lngueage. he fought against reduction of expenditure on higher education , a bill on taking away ownership on peasants .. with 4 others led to first legislative walkout in indian History.