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Friends (Peer Group Interaction (Friendship based on age: Early childhood…
Friends
Peer Group Interaction
Friendship based on age: Early childhood (think of want from friend), Middle (two-way), Adolescence (intimate), Adulthood (interdependent)
Acceptance- popular or liked, family interaction important
Rejected/Neglected- 'not normal', mean, shy
Sociotherapy- help children who have trouble making and keeping friends- play with younger kids
cliques- accept into group with offers, or exclude meanly; bullies (difficult child, needs extra love)
Gangs- antisocial behavior
Prosocial behavior- collaborate, tutor, and counsel
Macro and Chronosystems
Learn how to get along with others, share cooperate, compromise, empathize
Morals and values- what is/ isn't acceptable, follow rules, make rules so more fair; morality of constraint (respectful behavior for authority); morality of cooperation (mutual understanding between equals)
Learns sociocultural roles- independence/ interdependence, autonomy/empathy, direct/indirect, compete/cooperate; feedback from kids
Gender and Sex
Games and Development: games change as kids mature cognitively, self-concept changes, media larger influence than before
Social support- resources provided by others in times of need; become independent and rely more on peers as get older
Playtime with peers- Solitary, onlooker, parallel, associative, cooperative
Playtime with parents: imitative, Exploratory, Testing, and Model-building play
Peer Group Impact
Peers
Birth to 18: secure vs insecure attachment, parenting styles, more time at school with peers, narrow down close relationships
Infancy- communication reciprocal; early childhood- start cooperation and compliance; Middle childhood greater independence from family and start finding similar friends; Adolescence-more influence from friends, trying to grow up
Authoritative, Authoritarian, and Permissive parenting
Emotional-peers keep norms for behaviors and expect others to follow
Social Competence- behavior informed by understanding others' feelings and intentions, can respond well, know consequences of actions
Social cognition- reasoning about people, self, between people, social groups rules, and relationship of conceptions to social behavior
STAGES: Preoperational, Operational (assume reality without data and too much faith in our reasoning), Formal Operational (test assumptions against facts and personal fable)
ERIKSON 8
Socializing Mechanisms: Reinforcement, modeling, punishment, and apprenticeship (gain feedback)
Mesosystem
Adults organize groups, supervise, instruct, discipline, etc
Set the stage as to cooperate, or compete
Authoritarian, Democratic, and Laissez-faire