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Research ch 16- QUALITATIVE DATA ANALYSIS (Discuss qualitative data…

- - - - Deductive codes are also called a priori codes and are developed before examining the data.
        These themes are then linked to the literature & the theoretical framework (the general) that the researcher described in his or her study and are interpreted within the context of the specific study
      - Inductive approach: When a researcher uses raw data (specific) in his/her analysis to develop themes without using a preconceived conceptual framework.
        Themes & categories emerge from the data through the research's careful examination & constant comparison. The theory thus emerges from the data
    - - 1. Prepare the data
        
        Organise & convert/transcribe the raw data that you have collected into written text before starting with the analysis
        
        Decision of what to include & what to exclude should be guided by your research goal and question.
        
        Non-verbal cues such as pauses & exclamations
        
        By transcribing your data, you also get to know your data better
        
        Important practice that you should adapt is memoing
        
        Memoing = entails making reflective notes about what you collected from the data while you are reading and coding it. Remarks and questions. Write memos to yourself as reminders of your thoughts and insights during the reading, coding and analysis of the text
      - 2. Define the coding unit to be analyzed
        :red_cross: Refers to the basic coding or unit of text that you intend to analyze. A coding unit is also called a concept by some.
        :red_cross: Indicate whether you are going to use individual words, phrases, symbols, sentences or paragraphs as your coding units
        :red_cross: Also consider that you are examining text for an idea or a concept.
        :red_cross: Use files, boxes, sticky notes and labels to organise material into sections that make sense to you
        :red_cross: Every researcher has a unique way of ordering material, and there is no standard way.
        :red_cross: Led by your research question in identifying the coding units.
      - 3. Develop categories and a coding scheme or conceptual framework
        :star: Grouping related coding units together to form categories of codes
        :star: Develop a conceptual frame/framework which could assist you in coding your data
        :star: Sometimes referred to as concept mapping either from raw data (inductively) or based on previously conducted studies and theories (deductively)
        :star: Label or name them e.g by taking terms used by participants during interviews or observations
        :star: In Vivo labels - researcher may construct his/her own names or labels for codes by using common properties of the codes / concepts based on the text that is being analysed
        :star: Describing categories comprehensively also allows you to identify the differences between the categories /themes
        :star: A coding manual describes category names, definitions or rules for assigning codes and examples.
        :star: Ensure that they have the following characteristics:
        
        Should be exhaustive- enough categories to accommodate all data
        
        Should be mutually exclusive - distinct with no overlap in meaning
        
        Should be specific
      - 4. Test your coding scheme or sample text
        :recycle: Testing the clarity & consistency of your category definitions on a sample of your data
        :recycle: All doubts & problems related to your coding categories need to be resolved.
      - 5. Code all text
        :<3: Coding your data refers to the careful scrutiny of your data and taking note of all the relevant and meaningful sections and items
        :<3: Highlight all those relevant sections with symbols, descriptive words or codes that would order the info into areas that you refer to when you analyse your data
        :<3: Forms of Coding:
        
        Line-By-Line Coding
        
        Open or Substantive Coding
        
        Axial Coding
        
        Selective Coding
        
        Thematic Coding
        
        Line-By-Line Coding
        
        Microanalysis
        
        Very time consuming
        
        Helps to build a conceptual framework.
        
        Open / Substantive Coding
        
        Researcher reads through the entire text for an overall impression/understanding
        
        Concepts related to words and phrases are identified
        
        And noted either in a separate document or by making notes in the margin of the text
        
        Axial Coding
        
        Set of procedures whereby data are put back together in new ways after open coding by making connections between categories.
        
        Follows open coding
        
        Then researcher compares categories of concepts and identifies the connections and relationships across categories.
        
        May thus merge or re-categorise
        
        Selective Coding
        
        Selecting core codes that correspond with the typical behavior that has been observed in the field
        
        Or codes that most adequately describe the central notion of the research study.
        
        Theoretical codes emerge from the process of constantly comparing the data in field notes and memos and are
        
        Applicable when a researcher is building theory inductively from the analysis and interpretation of data.
        
        Thematic Coding
        
        Conceptual and concept coding are synonyms
        
        Divided into conceptual analysis
        
        Process of data reduction by means of identifying themes
        
        Themes known or anticipated to be found in the data usually derive from your literature review
      - 6. Assess your coding consistency
      - 7. Draw conclusions from the coded data
        :explode: Involves the interpretation of the themes/categories identified
        :explode: Make inferences & present your reconstructions of meanings derived from the data
        :explode: Rely on your ability to augment the analysis with your won interpretation by drawing on existing theories and previously conducted studies, and your won sense of meaning of the text
        :explode: Interpretation of the analysed data is done through the consideration of theoretical constructs (general) and your own sense of the meanings embedded in the text (specific) & the augmentation and amplification of your understanding by referring to the broader context of the study.
        :explode: Interpretation involves three steps:
        
        You must able to explain the relationship you found
        
        Extraneous info must also be taken into consideration
        
        Take all relevant factors affecting the problem into account to avoid false interpretations
      - 8. Report your methods & findings