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RESEARCH CH 13 (Different Field Research approaches: (APPROACHES:…

- - - - TYPES OF ETHNOGRAPHY
        1. Anthropological Ethnography - Researcher spends lengthy periods of time immersed in foreign/unknown cultures and subcultures (field notes, journals, interviews)
        2. Audience Ethnography - Researchers want to explore how audiences make sense of & derive pleasure from interaction with their favourite TV/ radio programmes.
        3. Street Ethnography - Particular setting. Participants, by choice/ due to circumstances, spend their time on the streets. Homeless, street gangs, prostitutes. May present a physical danger to the researcher - have to earn trust of street group members to enter.
        4. Authoenthnography - Ethnographical & autobiographical study about the cultural connection between an individual researcher & others in a specific social context. Focus: Relationship between self (researcher) and others. E.g researcher examines their own experiences as a political refugee in a foreign country.
        5. Virtual ethnography - Researcher uses ethnographic techniques to gain an understanding of people's behaviour in cyberspace eg observing blog discussion
        6. Institutional Ethnography - Late 70s from a critical feminist perspective. Applied as a frame of inquiry to understand how the workplace is shaping the subjective experience of people. Subjective experience of oppressed people in an institution. Researcher attempts to understand hidden and possibly oppressive activities.
    - - ONLOOKER
        
        Level of researcher involvement: No actual contact - simply observe a social process without becoming involved. Researcher remains concealed and covert
        
        Limitations: No relationships built, no questions can be asked, will hamper your chances of gaining in-depth insight. Ethical issues as well.
      - PARTIAL PARTICIPATION
        
        Level of researcher involvement: Researcher is known, overt. Involved but not immersed.
        
        Limitations: Makes detachment & objectivity possible - may not be able to immerse yourself sufficiently. Might undermine the depth of your study.
      - FULL PARTICIPATION
        
        Level of researcher involvement: Fully integrated, participation can be known or covert. Active member of the community -embrace all dealings, rites, behaviours.
        
        Limitations: Too much involvement might tarnish your objectivity & therefore your validity. Stay mindful and keep perspective.
    - - ADVANTAGES =
        
        Provide you with a deeper understanding
        
        Participants can learn from each other which may generate a solution to a problem
        
        Allows you to collect evidence about the feelings & opinions that are shared
        
        It is very cost effective
        
        Opportunity to explore & verify certain perspectives & experiences that come to light during the meeting
        
        Concentrated insight into the participants' views on a topic
        
        Allows you to clarify contradictory responses by participants
      - PLANNING A FOCUS GROUP MEETING:
        
        Determine whether there are sufficient funds & time
        
        Decide how many focus group meetings need to be conducted
        
        Determine the composition of the focus group
        
        Determine the level of involvement of the facilitator
        
        Consider political & ethical issues
      - CONDUCTING FOCUS GROUP MEETINGS:
        -> Start meeting by asking general questions about the participants
        -> Familiarise them with one another & with what experiences they share
        -> Ensure that participants are comfortable & that they feel that their views & opinions are valued and important
        -> If you use open-ended questions, participants may be more willing to express their views & opinions.
        -> Prompt the participants to explain more & to give more details
        -> Key considerations:
        
        Involvement of researcher
        
        Build rapport
        
        The bias of the researcher
    - - KEY CONSIDERATIONS FOR IN-DEPTH INTERVIEWS
        For the questions you ask:
        
        Move from broad to a narrow focus. Follow-up questions should stem from these cues and should be designed to get as much detail
        
        Don's rely purely on pre-planned questions
        
        You need to formulate clear & simple questions
        
        Guard aginst asking leading questions
        
        Ask truly open-ended questions. Open-ended questions allow the participant to give varied opinions & responses