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Horney- Social Psychoanalysis (PHASE 3: INTERPERSONAL DEFENCES (THE 10…
Horney- Social Psychoanalysis
Karen Horney
Born in Hamburg, Germany
troubled relationship with her Father
Karen very close to her brother Berndt- she developed a crush on him and then he pushed her away
felt unloved, ugly and experience depression - despite being generally recognised as pretty
Early Career
Enter psychoanalysis (as a patient) at 25 (1910)
She had her first child and lost both parents in the previous year
Was treated by Karl Abraham and Hans Sacchs
Made a terrible analysand
At age 35 (approx. 1920), became an analyst herself
Founding member of the Berlin Psychoanalytic Institute
In addition to treating patients, Horney taught students and worked in training
Had a tenuous relationship with Freud- disagreement theoretically (treatment of women)
Later Career
Moved to Chicago (age:47)
Relationship with Freud had grown worse
Concerned over rise of Nazism
Became Franz Alexander’s assistant at the Chicago Institute for Psychoanalysis (1932)
Relocated to Brooklyn, NY, 1934
worked at the New York Psychoanalytic Institute (teaching and training)
eventually parted with the NYPI due to her deviations from Freud
had a relationship with Erich Frohmm (didnt end well)
Continued work in New York
Founded Association for the Advancement of Psychoanalysis
Helped establish the American Institute for Psychoanalysis in New York
Became Professor at New York Medical College
Founded the American Journal of Psychoanalysis
Continued to have issues with orthodox practice/strict adherence to Freud
Tumultuous Career
like Jung, ran foul of traditional psychoanalysis
Felt Freud treated the female as an offshoot of male psychology
Questioned the importance of libidinal urges
Rejected the idea of Penis Envy
General concern over male bias in psychoanalysis
very domineering character
demanded submission of others (and got it)
powerful and persuasive person - not fragile/victim
PHASE 1:
FEMININE PSYCHOLOGY
Horney had issues with Freud's treatment and understanding of women
felt that this reinforced and perpetuated the devaluation of the feminine
really struck a chord with Karen who had been aware of this since childhood
embraced the notion of the
masculine protest
Masculine Protest
: an Adlerian concept where in women reject the feminine condition and adopt more masculine roles due to society’s devaluation of women
Horney enacted her own masculine protest
personal life
(having lots of boyfriends, not being ashamed of sexual relationship)
career wise
Male view of women:
Horney felt that Freud’s psychoanalysis represented women as “defective men”
Horney emphasised the different constitutions and needs of the two sexes
different but equal; inequality was a social construction
Womb envy
anxiety felt by men due to envy over women's superior role in reproduction
overcompensation for small role in procreation
about body parts
extends to the part about men being envious that women have breasts so they can breast feed
men feel inferior
Dread of women
boys fear that his genitalia inadequate in relation to his mother
as a male ages, continue ot have anxiety about his penis size and potency
“humiliation, not castration” – threat is to masculine self-regard
male creates ideal of efficiency; seeking sexual conquests/debasing the love object
no counterpart for females
women dont have to prove themselves- dont have to demonstrate their womanhood
MAJOR CONCEPTS
OVERVALUATION OF LOVE
obsessive need for men coupled with the trouble forming satisfactory relationships
arises from defeat in competition for a male affection
women are traumatized from a previous experience of coming second best
seeking male approval in reaction to the first rejection
trouble forming satisfactory relationship
competition with other females
MASCULINITY COMPLEX
overlap with Adler's Masculinity Protest
Stimulated by family and society
concerning the family , originally argued to be about females relationships with males - later shifted towards females relationsips with other females (particularly their mother)
PHASE 2:
MAJOR CONCEPTS
Feeling unlovable (main source of mental health issues)
Leads to the pursuit of love at all costs
Which leads to unsatisfactory relationships
Which leads to the abandonment of relationships
Get out before the inevitable happens and you get hurt
Avoidance of deep emotional bonds
Neurosis
There is a ‘real self’ that can be actualized under the right conditions
Neurosis results from alienation form the real self due to poor conditions
Neurosis reflects a disturbance in relationships with
Others (interpersonal)
Self (intrapsychic)
sources of neurosis
Horney emphasizes the present over the past
Freud thought: psyche is set at age 5
all behaviour is repetition of the past
Horney believed that
the past is always contained in the present
adult behaviour is the product of
all
past experiences
structure of Neurosis
infancy is significant but a pathogenic family environment is more influential
helplessness
hostility
isolation
this leads to the activation of defences
love (connected with helplessness)
power (connected with hostility
detachment (connected with isolation)
PHASE 3:
INTERPERSONAL DEFENCES
Emergence of
Mature Theory
Neurosis results from 'basic anxiety' from interpersonal relationships
starts in early childhood
strong influence of parenting style
THE 10 NEEDS
There are 10 basic needs which all humans need- which can be organised into 3 broader coping strategies
COMPLIANCE
- moving towards people
(1) - Affection & approval
(2) A Partner
AGGRESSION
- moving against people
(3) Power
(4) Exploitation of others
(5) Social recognition
(6) Personal admiration
(7) Personal achievement
DETACHMENT
- moving away from people
(8) Self- sufficiency and independence
(9) Perfection
(10) Restrict life practices to within narrow borders
Intrapsychic defences
the "real self" and the "ideal self"
"real self" = who we actually are
"ideal self"= who we think we should be
different from some modern notions of the ideal self
idealised image= a rigid perception of who we should be (our MOST ideal self)
The Pride System
Neurotic pride = false pride derived from attributes of idealised image
Tyranny of the Shoulds: Neurotics feel they are not living up to the ideal self (unrealistic expectations).
Shoulds are the basis for our bargains with fate.
Obedience to the dictates of the solution will be rewarded
Self descends into a ‘despised self’ and experience of self-hate.
Six forms of self-hate: relentless demands on self, merciless self-accusation, self-contempt, self-frustrations, self-tormenting, and self-destruction