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Ecology of the Peer Group (Belonging Needs and Social Interaction…
Ecology of the Peer Group
Peers are individuals who are of approximately the same gender, age, and social status, and who share interests
They satisfy certain belonging needs
They are often preferred to other socializing agents.
They influence not only social development, but cognitive and psychological development
Belonging Needs and Social Interaction
Infancy/Toddlerhood
Securely attachment provides a secure base for exploratory behavior
Insecurely attached tend to avoid peer relationships
Early Childhood
Authoritative parenting has been associated with children's social-behavioral competence and confidence
Authoritarian, permissive, and indifferent/uninvolved parenting styles have been linked to low competence in social interaction
Middle Childhood
Children no longer need adults to structure their social interactions
Adolescence
Cliques and crowds with which the adolescent identifies
Sense of Self
Infancy/Toddlerhood
distinguish themselves from others
Early Childhood
Development of a sense of self and personal identity
Middle Childhood
Long to find others like themselves, to know that others share their doubts, their fears, their wishes, and their perceptions
Adolescence
Task of balancing group identification with personal autonomy while simultaneously forging an individual role within the group
Social Competence and Conformity
Social competence is behavior informed by an understanding of other's feelings and intentions, the ability to respond appropriately, and knowledge of the consequences of one's actions
Social Cognition
Conceptions and reasoning about people, the self, relations between people, social groups' roles and rules, and the relation of such conceptions to social behavior
Socializing Mechanisms
Reinforcement
Using it as a behavior modification technique requires waiting for the behavior to appear and then reinforcing it
Modeling
Situation, Model, Observer
Punishment
Teasing, physical aggression, or rejection by the group
Apprenticeship
Someone with more expertise helps someone with less.
Developmental Tasks
Getting along with Others
Developing Morals and Values
Learning Appropriate Sociocultural Roles
Achieving Personal Independence and Identity