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Medicine in industrial Britain (1700-1900) (timeline and importance…
Medicine in industrial Britain (1700-1900)
timeline and importance
Jenner/ Vaccination/ 1798: saved thousands of lives in Britain and millions worldwide as his vaccination eventually wiped out
smallpox
Simpson/ anesthetics/ 1847: discovered chloroform which was the first effective anesthetic
Snow/ preventing cholera/ 1854: discovered that Cholera was caught through water and clean water was important
Nightingale/ hospitals & nursing/ 1950's+: having clean and sanitary hospitals is essential for keeping people healthy
Pasteur/ germ theory/ 1861: published his theory that stated that bacteria causes human diseases
Lister/ antiseptics/ 1867: carbolic acid reduced the chances of patients dying from infection and made longer/ more complex operations possible
Gov/public health act 1975: made it compulsory for councils to improve swage/ drainage and provided clean water
Koch/ identifying germs that caused disease/1882: once they discovered the bacteria to cause diseases they could develop vaccines
Jenner and Vaccination
significance
Inoculation had a limited impact on smallpox and was very dangerous
Jenner showed the value of the scientific method
Vaccinations saved many lives and lead its eradication in the 1970's
how he made the breakthrough
discovered that cowpox was a milder version of smallpox
he discussed with a milkmaid about how she had never caught smallpox
tested his theory on James Phipps by injecting some of the cowpox pus from the milkmaid into James
A few weeks later he injected James with smallpox and he had no reaction
in 1852 it became compulsory to have the vaccination
cholera and John Snow
ideas about cholera
causes
punishment from God
Miasmas
A large population in London
Unhealthy people
preventions
burning barrels or tar/ vinegar to get rid of the bad air
smoking cigars as protection from bad air
praying/ wearing lucky charms
taking medicine and pills that 'guaranteed' protection
cleaning houses and scattering chloride of lime
burning clothes/ bedding of victims
broad street pump and John Snow
His suggestion that cholera was spread through water not miasmas was mocked by many doctors
In 1854 within 10 days there was 500 deaths by cholera
he mapped out all the deaths and proved that most of the deaths occurred around the Broad Street pump
Snow took the pump handle so no one could use it and there were no more deaths
It was later discovered that it was a cesspit, only 1 meter from the pump was leaking into the water
major changes in 1875
In 1858 an effective modern sewage system was installed in London
In 1875 a Public health act was passed
it became compulsory for councils to improve sewers/ drainage, provide fresh water supplies and to appoint medical officers/ sanitary inspectors to inspect health facilities
standard of housing improved and the pollution of rivers stopped
Germ theory
stage 1(1861-64): published theory and carried out experiments to convince scientists that GT was correct
stage 2(1865-76): Pasteur's theory was less useful than Jenner's vaccination and the invisibility of bacteria was the reason why people continued to believe in miasmas
stage 3(1876): Robert Koch and his team of scientists discovered the exact germ causing Anthrax
stage 4 (1876+): over the next 20 years Koch and other scientists identified more bacteria which led to the development of vaccines to prevent them
Germ theory and prevention 1(vaccinations)
Pasteur started with animal diseases and managed to create vaccines for anthrax and chicken cholera
Pasteur knew the work of Jenner very well and knew his method
In 1885 he Pasteur tested a vaccine for rabies on a boy who had been bitten by a rabid dog and saved his life
First successful vaccine in 90 years
Germ theory and prevention 2 (public health)
before GT
regular epidemics of cholera
no way of stopping outbreaks
problems in cities
they were overcrowded
towns had grown rapidly
poor conditions
poorly built houses and accomodation
public health act of 1848
national board of health was set up
government could force councils to make public health improvements e.g. water supply
councils were encouraged to collect taxes for improvements
councils were allowed to appoint medical officers to oversee public health
Germ theory and treatment 1(hospital care)
lessons of the Crimea
That cleaning is essential for combating infection
40% death rate reduced to 2%
Nightingale's changes/ impact :
She wrote 2 books on nursing and hospital care
she highlighted the importance of sanitation, ventilation and good supplies/ facilities for patients
she emphasized the practically in nursing
development of hospitals
The first cottage hospital opened in 1859 and there were 300 by 1900
There were 18 voluntary hospitals
In 1867, the government ordered that Poor Law Unions build infirmaries to care for the sick inside workhouses
Germ theory and treatment 2 (surgery)
Simpson's discovery of chloroform
Discovered chloroform in 1847 and was the first effective anesthetic
used it to help women in childbirth and other operations
In 1848 John Snow created an inhaler to regulate the dosage
impact
Anesthetics did not make surgery any safer as with patients asleep doctors attempted more complex operations causing more blood loss
the number of people dying from surgery increased between 1850-1870 (surgery's 'black period')
If the dosage was too high it was fatal
Was very important in allowing more breakthrough's in surgery
Lister's discovery of antiseptics
insisted that doctors and nurses wash their hands in carbolic acid before they perform surgery
developed carbolic spray to kill germs around the operating table
invented an antiseptic ligature to tie up blood vessels and prevent blood loss
impact
between 1864-66 there had been 16 deaths after 35 amputations. a 46% death rate
between 1867-70 there were 6 deaths out of 40 amputations. a 15% death rate
to ensure cleanliness:
-operating theatres were cleaned
-from 1887 all equipment was sterilized
-surgeons wore surgery gowns and gloves
more ambitious operations were performed
the first heart successful heart operation happened in 1896
Why was there so many medical breakthroughs?
Gov
public health act 1848
public health act 1875
Science and tech
new developments in steel = unbreakable needles
improvements in glass = better microscopes/ thermometers
flushing toilet sent waste straight to sewers
War
improved hygiene/ cleanliness for wounded soldiers
death rate fell from 40% to 2%
Communication
trains = doctors/ scientists could travel to conferences quicker to learn from eachother
telegraph= news being reported quicker
scientific journals= spread detailed accounts of new medical methods worldwide
Attitudes
constant new discoveries encouraged other doctors
lots of new things to discover
questioned old ideas and put forward new ones
new discoveries for constant outbreaks of disease was needed
teamwork
Pasteur and Koch worked together to create the first vaccine in 90 years