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PRESSURE INJURIES (PATIENTS AT RISK (Impaired nutritional status,…
PRESSURE INJURIES
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PATHOPHYSIOLOGY
- Intensity of pressure & capillary closing pressure
- Duration & sustaining of pressure
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ISCHAEMIA - Deprivation of blood supply to any tissue & results in deficient oxygen & nutrient delivery to cells
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FRICTION - Caused by 2 forces moving in opposite directions (the surface of an external object against the skin)
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Pressure injuries caused by friction is increased dramatically by the presence of moisture on the skin
E.g. Agitated elderly persons rub their heels or elbows and cause the formation of epidermal blisters - damaging the skin - Dragging patient up bed across linen
PATHOPHYSIOLOGY
NORMAL REACTIVE HYPERAEMIA - As a result of localised vasodilation - Area blanches with finger tip pressure - Present for 1 hour
ABNORMAL REACTIVE HYPERAEMIA - Excessive vasodilation & induration (area of oedema under skin) in response to pressure - Skin is bright red or pink - Can last more than 1 hour up to 2 weeks (Stage 1 Pressure Injury) - Blanching does not occur
BLANCHING - Red-tones seen in light-skin tones are absent - In dark-skin tones blanching doesn't occur- May appear darker than surrounding tissue
SHEARING FORCE
Shearing is a mechanical force created from a parallel (tangential) load that causes the body to slide against resistance between the skin and a contact surface
Outer layers of the skin (epidermis & dermis) remain stationary while deep fascia moves with the skeleton, creating distortion in the blood vessels & lymphatic system between the dermis & deep fascia - Leads to thrombosis & capillary occlusion