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Physics: Optics (Lenses and Refraction (Lenses (Lens Terminology…

- - - - Snell's Law
        
        n1sin01 = n2sin02
        
        Required
        
        02
        
        Given
        
        n2 = 1.52
        
        01 = 35o
        
        n1 = 1.00
        
        Solution
        
        1.00(sin35o) = 1.52(sin02) ...............0.57 = 1.52(sin02) .............sin02 = 0.57 / 1.52 ........................= 0.38............ ..................02 = 22.23o
      - The bending of light
        
        Light goes from more dense to less dense (glass to air)
        
        Light bends away from normal
        
        Light goes from less dense to more dense (air to glass)
        
        Light bends toward normal
        
        Critical Angle
        
        Refracted angle = exactly 90 degrees
        
        Total Internal Reflection
        
        Angle of incidence increased beyond critical angle, angle is totally reflected back into dense material
      - Indices of Refraction
        
        Optical Density
        
        The term used to describe the relative speed of light in a given medium
        
        The index of refraction
        
        The amount by which a transparent medium decreases the speed of light
        
        Calculation
        
        Index of Refraction of material = Speed of light in vacuum / Speed of light in medium
        
        n = c / v
        
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  - - - A lens that is thickest in the middle
        
        Steps to drawing
        
        Second Ray: Travels from tip of the object through the optical center of the lens and is not refracted
        
        Draw the real image where rays appear to intersect
        
        First Ray: Travels from tip of the object parallel to principal axis. When it emerges from the lens, it passes through the principal focus
    - - A lens that is thickest at the ends
        
        Second Ray: Travels from tip of the object through the optical center of the lens and is not refracted
        
        Draw the virtual image where the rays appear to intersect
        
        First Ray: Travels from tip of the object parallel to the principal axis. When it emerges from the lens, it appears to come from the principal focus
    - - Principal Focus
        
        The focal point where the light either comes to a focus OR appears to diverge from a focus is given the symbol F, while that on the opposite side of the lens is represented by F'
      - Focal Length
        
        The distance from the axis of symmetry to the principle to the principal focus measured along the principal axis
      - Axis of Symmetry
        
        An imaginary vertical line drawn through the optical center of a lens
      - Optical Center
        
        A point on the axis of a lens that is so located that any ray of light passing through it in passing through the lens suffers no net deviation and that may be within, without, or on the surface of the lens
      - Principle Axis
        
        An imaginary horizontal line drawn through the optical center perpendicular to both surfaces
    - - 1/f = 1/do + 1/di
        
        Required
        
        f
        
        Solution
        
        1/f = (1/2.00 + 1/-3.60)1/cm ... 1/f = 0.222/cm............................ Take the reciprocal of both sides.............................................. f = 4.50
        
        Given
        
        Di = -3.60cm
        
        Do = 2.00cm
- - - - Curved Mirror
        
        Mirrors that are outward-curved (convex) or inward-curved (concave) surfaces.
        
        Concave (Converging)
        
        Steps to drawing
        
        Second Ray: travels from a point on the object toward the focal point, reflects back parallel to the principle axis
        
        Draw real image where rays intersect
        
        First ray: travels from a point on an object to parallel to principle axis
        
        Convex (Diverging)
        
        Steps to drawing
        
        Second ray: travels from point on the object towards the focal point.
        
        Draw virtual image where rays intersect
        
        First ray: Travels from a point on the object parallel to principle axis
        
        Terminology
        
        Focal Length
        
        The distance from the vertex to the focal point of a curved mirror
        
        Vertex
        
        The middle point of a curved mirror
        
        Focal Point
        
        The point where light rays meet
        
        Magnification
        
        Calculating magnification
        
        Magnification = image height / object height
        
        M= Hi / Ho
        
        Magnification = image distance / object distance
        
        M = Di / Do
      - Plane Mirror
        
        Any mirror that has a flat reflective surface
        
        Images
        
        An optically formed duplicate, counterpart, or other representative reproduction of an object
        
        Characteristics
        
        Orientation or Attitude
        
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        Location
        
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        Size
        
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        Type
        
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- - - - What is it
        
        The Electromagnetic Spectrum
        
        Wave Model of Light
        
        Rest Position
        
        No wave
        
        Wave Length
        
        Distance from the same place in consecutive waves
        
        Trough
        
        Lowest point in the wave
        
        Amplitude
        
        Height or depth of the wave from rest to crest, or rest to trough
        
        Crest
        
        Highest point in the wave
        
        Frequency
        
        Rate of repetition of wave
        
        Colours and prisms
        
        Colour..........Frequency(Hz)..........Wavelength(nm) Red................4.310^14.......................................700 Orange..........5.010^14.......................................600 Yellow............5.210^14.......................................580 Green............5.710^14.......................................550 Blue...............6.410^14.......................................450 Violet.............7.510^14.......................................400
        
        Violet bends the most
        
        Red bends the least
      - Sources of Light
        
        Non-Luminous
        
        Objects that do not emit their own light (i.e. the moon)
        
        Luminous
        
        Objects which produce the light they give off
        
        Heat Energy
        
        A source which converts heat energy within objects burning to produce heat
        
        Incandescence
        
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        Electrical Energy
        
        A source which converts electrical energy to light energy
        
        Fluorescence
        
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        Phosphorescence
        
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        Electric Discharge
        
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        Organic Light Emitting Diode (OLED)
        
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        Light Emitting Diode (LED)
        
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        Chemical Potential Energy
        
        A source which converts chemical energy stored within molecules into light energy.
        
        Bioluminescence
        
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        Chemiluminescence
        
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        Nuclear Energy
        
        A source which converts energy stored within the nucleus of atoms into light energy through fission or fusion
        
        Atomic bomb
        
        Triboluminescence
        
        Rubbing, crushing, scratching together
      - Rectilinear Propagation
        
        The tendency for light to travel in straight lines especially in a homogeneous transparent medium
        
        Ray Model of Light
        
        Shadows
        
        Materials
        
        Translucent
        
        Transmit some light, absorb and reflect some light
        
        Opaque
        
        Absorb and reflect all light
        
        Transparent
        
        Transmit light freely