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Climate Change (Effects (Negative (Atmosphere (Drought, Wildfires, Heat…

- - - - Human Sources
        
        Garbage dumps
      - Natural Sources
        
        Underground deposits
        
        Respiration by anaerobic bacteria
    - - Natural Sources
        
        Microbes that break down organic matter in soils
      - Human Sources
        
        Burning fossil fuels and wood
        
        Nitrogen fertilizer
    - - Natural Sources
        
        Forest Fire
        
        Decomposition
        
        Respiration
        
        Evaporation from oceans
      - Human Sources
        
        Burning fossil fuels
    - - Natural Sources
        
        Very small amounts naturally present in atmosphere
      - Human Sources
        
        Formed when nitrogen oxides and volatile organic compounds in automobile exhaust react in sunlight
    - - Natural Sources
        
        Hydrologic cycle
    - - Human Sources
        
        Refrigerators, air conditioners, foam products, aerosol spray
    - - The length of time the gas remains in the atmosphere
  - - - Any process that releases carbon dioxide into the atmosphere
        
        Deforestation
        
        Respiration of organisms
        
        Decomposition
        
        Burning fossil fuels
    - - Any process that takes carbon dioxide from the atmosphere and stores it
        
        Photosynthesis
        
        Oceans and lakes
- - - - All 3 major global surface temperature reconstructions show that Earth has alarmed since 1880
    - - Glaciers retreating
      - Amount of snow cover has decreased
      - Greenland and Antarctic ice sheets decreased in mass
      - Snow is melting earlier
    - - Carbon dioxide has a heat-trapping nature. An increase in carbon dioxide could only mean an increase in trapped heat
    - - Global sea levels rose about 17 centimetres in the last century. The rate in the last decade, however, is nearly double that of the last century
    - - Both the extent and thickness of artctic sea ice has declined rapidly over the last several decades
    - - Wide
        
        Healthy/ good year
      - Thin
        
        Unhealthy. Lacking water, sun, etc.
      - Number of Rings
        
        The number of rings = number of years that the tree was alive
- - - - Range Shifts
        
        Animals are moving northwards
      - Threatened Species
        
        More risk of extinction to more animals
    - - Drought
      - Wildfires
      - Heat Waves
      - Storms
      - Floods
    - - A group of people who have a distinctive way of life and economic system
        
        Infrastructure breakdown (equipment, buildings, and roads)
        
        Severe weather events can damage the infrastructure for energy distribution, communication, and transportation
        
        Disease
        
        Tropical diseases such as malaria could spread as climates become warmer
        
        Drinkable water
        
        Shrinking glaciers will limit the supply of fresh water to southeast Asian and western South America
        
        Flooding could contaminate the freshwater supplies of low-lying areas.
        
        Drought will make it even more difficult to obtain water in drier climates
        
        Population displacement
        
        If land is flooded or becomes desert, people will be forced to move
        
        Food
        
        Global Warming could make it harder to grow crops in tropical countries
        
        A reduction in crop yield = widespread food shortages in developing countries + rising food prices in developed countries.
    - - Ocean Warming
        
        Warmer water absorbs less CO2 = less effective carbon sink
        
        Warmer oceans = less phytoplankton = less CO2 absorbed = increase in greenhouse gas emissions
        
        As water warms, it expands. Warmer oceans = higher sea levels, causing loss of coastal land.
        
        Warmer waters = more intense hurricanes
        
        Changes ocean currents #
      - Melting Ice
        
        Causing loss of property
        
        Changing geographic coastlines and shapes of continental coasts
        
        Changing habitats of shoreline plants, animals, and micro-organisms
        
        Reducing the amount of fresh water available to communities
        
        Flooding land that is currently just above sea level
        
        Changes ocean currents
        
        Dilutes the salinity of the ocean
    - - A sequence of events that cycles back to one of the earlier events in the sequence and enhances the outcome.
  - - - The organized way in which a country or region sets up activities related to how goods and services are produced, distributed, and consumed.
        
        Food Production
        
        Some people eat locally produced food to minimize the use of fossil fuels
        
        Production and Distribution of Goods
        
        Avoid transportation of raw materials and goods
  - - - Jelly FIsh
    - - Longer crop seasons in northern countries (Canada)
      - Northwest passage route will be open water every summer
- - - - How it affects life
        
        Immediate and obvious effects
        
        Snowstorm = indoors Raining = umbrella
  - - - Factors affecting climate
        
        Elevation
        
        The air masses that flow over the area
        
        Latitude
        
        The area's nearness to large bodies of water
      - How it affects life
        
        Agriculture
        
        Housing
        
        Clothing
      - Patterns of Circulation
        
        Oceanic - Ocean Currents
        
        Surface
        
        Driven by the global wind patterns. Winds push on the surface of the water to a depth of 100m
        
        Deep
        
        Global ocean conveyor belt
        
        Driven by temperature and salinity
        
        Hydrologic - The Water Cycle
        
        Precipitation
        
        Change in amounts of precipitation in certain areas
        
        Large bodies of water
        
        Bodies of water reduce the extreme temperatures in cities nearby
        
        Atmospheric - Winds
        
        The movement of air from areas of high pressure to low pressure. The rising and sinking masses of air in convection currents cause changes in atmospheric pressure, which cause wind
        
        Global Wind Patterns
        
        Transfer thermal energy from areas of net radiation budget surplus to deficit
        
        Creation of wind
        
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        Coriolis Effect
        
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        Jet Streams
        
        A band of fast moving air in the stratosphere
        
        Not subject to much friction due to high altitude
        
        Crucial in knowing info on extreme weather events
      - Heat (Thermal Energy) Transfer
        
        The movement of thermal energy from an area of high temperature to an area of low temperature.
        
        Conduction
        
        The transfer of thermal energy through direct contact between the particles of a substance, without moving the particles to a new location
        
        Convection
        
        The transfer of thermal energy through the movement of particles from one location to another
        
        Radiation
        
        The emission of energy as waves
      - The Greenhouse Effect
        
        Natural
        
        The absorption of thermal energy by the atmosphere
        
        Insolation
        
        Amount of solar radiation received by a region of Earth's surface
        
        Net Radiation Budget
        
        The difference between the amount of incoming and outgoing radiation
        
        Solar Radiation
        
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        Infrared Radiation
        
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        Anthropogenic
        
        Human made
  - - - Hydrosphere
        
        All water on earth
        
        97% salt water
      - Atmosphere
        
        A layer of gases that extends away from the earth about 300km
        
        Mesosphere
        
        Very little gas
        
        Air is thin, atmospheric pressure low
        
        50-80km up
        
        Fewer oxygen molecules
        
        0 to -100 degrees
        
        Thermosphere
        
        80+km up
        
        Very little gas
        
        -100 to -1000
        
        Gas particles cold at night and hot at day
        
        Stratosphere
        
        Contains most of the ozone in the atmosphere
        
        Clumps of cells found, but no other life
        
        10-50km up
        
        Air temperature increases with height as ozone gas absorbs ultraviolet solar radiation
        
        0 to -60 degrees
        
        Troposphere
        
        80% of atmospheric gas by mass
        
        Can support life
        
        0-10km up
        
        Contains most of the CO2, water vapour, and atmospheric dust in the atmosphere
        
        20 to -60 degrees
        
        Where weather takes place
      - Lithosphere
        
        5km-100km thick
        
        The rigid outer part of the earth, consisting of the crust and upper mantle
      - Biosphere interaction
        
        Interactions among the components of the biosphere
        
        Lithosphere and Atmosphere interact through volcanic activities.
        
        Volcanoes release various gases and dust particles into the atmosphere, which can deflect sunlight entering the atmosphere