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critically evaluate the different ways in which decisions can be made, and…

- - - - Rational approach to decision-making
        
        Rational decisions have the following criteria. They:
        are conscious, explicit and deliberate;
        are internally consistent and logical;
        are fully informed;
        aim at achieving the end goal;
        allow for independent means and ends;
        involve choice between alternative ends and alternative means, choices which aim to maximise the end results achieved; and
        assume a causal relationship between the means taken and the end results achieved
        
        rational approach to decision making!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!
        
        Why decision-making can vary from the ‘rational’ in practice
        
        Many organisations tend to jump straight from analysis to recommendation without considering any other alternatives. This can occur due to:
        
        Many organisations tend to jump straight from analysis to recommendation without considering any other alternatives. This can occur due to:
        enthusiasm to quickly get to the end of the analysis process; or
        readily agreeing with the leader’s proposal; or
        having prior views about the ‘best’ solution (Harsanyi 1986, p. 86).
        
        A well-researched and structured presentation that demonstrates the benefits, risks and key steps in implementing a strategic option stands a much stronger chance of being supported.
      - Decision-making in practice
        
        One of the most difficult tasks for leaders is making effective decisions, often while in a high‑stress and fast-paced environment
        
        Brent Gleeson (2012), outlines four key ways that leaders of an organisation can make decisions.
        
        • Command
         Decisions are made by leaders without consultation from their team.
        o Where things are moving quickly, and there is no time for consultation. When a crisis arises, it is often unexpected and requires immediate attention to avert damage
        • Collaboratively
        Decisions are made collaboratively with the team.
        o Allows the team to provide opinions, insight and knowledge. The leader can consider each perspective, and is then well informed to make the final decision (most effective style to lead)
        • Consensus
        majority rules; Leaders and their teams take vote in order to determine a decision
        o this is often not possible in a fast-paced business environment where strategy development is taking place
        • Convenience
        delegation of decision-making by the leader; a trusted member making the ultimate decision
        o it is important that decision-makers remain stable through the process, to ensure the same alignment and direction of the organisation is understood by all those involved
        
        pros and cons
        
        pros and cons!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!
        
        Leadership style must be assessed against the particular situation where a decision needs to be made. It cannot be said that one style is better than the other, because it depends on the time allowed, the people involved and the importance of the decision that needs to be
        made. However, when applied to strategic thinking, analysis and formulation, decision-making often takes the form of the collaborative style.
  - - - When these four behaviours are applied to the leadership styles described by Gleeson, they closely align with the collaborative style of leadership.