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Chp 9 : The Rise of Socialist Thought (Types of Socialism (Guild (Is…
Chp 9 : The Rise of Socialist Thought
Types of Socialism
Utopian
They
developed their ideas
at time
when industrial workers were still weak and unorganized
Apply
concept
of
perfect social arrangement
Dates from 1880 with
Henri Comte de Saint-Simon,Charles Fourier and Robert Owen
Preached
universal togetherness
rather than class struggle
State
Involve government ownership operation of all
or
spesific sectors of economy
for purpose of a
chieving overall social objectives rather profit
The state socialist considered the
state to be an impartial power
that could be
influenced to favor the working class if the vote were extended
and
workers educated and organized
Christian
After 1848 with
Charles Kingsley
being the leading advocate in England
Workers were offered the solace (comfort) of religion
to provide hope
Bible
was to form a manual of government
leader, employer and workers
Anarchism
Society order arise out of
self-governing groups
though
voluntary or associate effort
Private property
should be
replaced
by
collective ownership
of capital by
cooperating groups
All form of government are
coercive and should be abolished
Marxian
Scientific socialism
based on
labor theory of value
and
theory of exploitation of wage
earners by the
capitalist
Communism
According to Marx, communism is
stage of society
that
eventually supersedes socialism
This presupposes a superabundance of goods relative to wants,
the elimination of money payment base on work performed and devotion to society
as selfless as person loyalty to family
Revisionism
Germany was advocated by
Eduard Bernstein
and England the Febian
socialist led by Sidney and Beatrice Webb
Government was to
regulate monopolies
, control working condition in factories,
take over public utilitie
s and
gradually extend its ownership of capital
Denied that state is necessarily an instrument of wealthy class
, and pinned its hope on
education, electioneering and gaining control of government
Syndicalism
Type of economic system proposed as a
replacement for capitalism
and
state socialism
which uses federation of collectivist trade unions
For adherent,
labor union
are the
potential means of both overcoming capitalist exploitation of the worker
and
running society fairly in the interest
of the majority
An emphasis on industrial organization was a
distinguishing feature of syndicalism
Syndicalist were
antiperliamentarian
and
antimilitarist
Guild
Is
political movement advoacting workers
control of indutry through the medium of trade-related guilds. Its priginated in the United Kingdom and was at its most influential in first quareter of 20th century
Partly inpired by the
guilds of craftsmen
and other
skilled workers
which had existed in Medieval England
G.DH Cole a professor
of economics was major advocate of this type of socialism
Accepted as necessary institution for expression of g
eneral interest of citizen as consumer
Actual management of industries was to be
entrusted to the employees
,
organized the industrial guild rather than government
Henri Comte De Saint-Simon
Introduction
French utopian socialist thinker
Born in french aristocracy family and began his career in military
The trauma of the revolution has launched Saint-Simon on search for alternative structures for society
He
argued
that to
avoid the chaos of revolution
and to
encourage the fastest possibille improvement
in everyone welfare society should be
reformed by placing the most enlightened in charge
Chamber
First
- artist and engineers would design public works
Second
- Scientist would examine the project and control education
Third
- leader of industry would carry out the project and control budget
He called, for replacing the rule of rich with the rule of most enlightened, an intellectual meritocracy
Saint-Simon explained that
scientist, mathematician and artist should govern bcs they dould predict
He also proposed for
new government, new kind of church that would replace all existing religion
To modern sensibilities the most offensive things abt Saint-Simon analysis was the extreme racism of its eurocentrism
Bcs of hiswork on development of science, his argument
generalized science of human society should be developed
, that Saint-Simon sometimes called the "father of social science"
His influence
His follower sought to
institionalize his ideas in new church
and
elaborated an elaborate but short lived set of roles,garb and rituals
.
The basic trust- that according
recognition, respect and power to an intellectual and managerial elite
has had much longer lived influence
Charles Fourier
French utopian socialist and philosopher
Fourier is credited by modern scholars with having originated word feminisme
Critic capitalism
D
islike large-scale production, mechanization and centralization
Cooperate living
was central to his thinking as the way to
change the environment
in order to
generate an entirely new and noble type of person
Simonde De Sismondi
He is best knows for his works on
French and Italian history
, and his
economic ideas
Noveaux Principle d'economie politique, he insisted on fact that
economic science studied the means of increasing wealth too much
, and
use of wealth for producing happiness,
too litlle
For the science of economics, his most important contribution was probably his
discovery of economic cycles
. In refutation of other thinkers at the time, Simondi challenged the idea that
economic equilibrium leading to full employment
would be immediately and spontaneously achieved
Only state intervention would ensure the worker a living wage and minimum social security
Robert Owen
Owen saw both the
advantages of industrialization
in
speeding up the growth in wealth
and its
negative effects on human beings
He was generally
opposed to the way in which competition in capitalist system
pitted everyone against everyone else,
valuing an egotism
and dishonesty that destroyed human relationship,but he was particularly
outraged at how the pursuit of gain led business to mercilessly exploit workers
A welsh industrialist and social freformer
Charles Kingsley
Sought to "socialize the Christian and Christianize the socialist
"
His doctrines includes
love, religion, cooperative association and educations
english university professor, historian and novelist
Louis Blanc
Founder of state socialism
Opposed on capitalism and competition
which he said would ruin both the laboring class.