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Earthquake Hazards (spatial distribution (mitigation - protection and…
Earthquake Hazards
spatial distribution
linear distribution eg west coast of north America and south America, coastal and grouped
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frequency - varies worldwide, some boundaries are more seismically active than others, linear belts
cant predict, based on past data, work out porbabilities
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CASE STUDIES
Japan Tsunami 2011
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primary effects - ground shaking caused buildings to collapse, tsunami swept across NE coast, 15,000 dead or missing, 10 waves about 10km apart
secondary effects - 500,000 left homeless, more than 700 aftershocks, explosion and radiation leaks at Fukushima, food shortages
immediate responses - search and rescue teams, aid from USA and china, power plants shut down due to explosions
long term responses - upgraded tsunami defence system revealed in 2013, restarted reactors, set reconstruction design council to plan long term growth
Haiti 2010
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conservative boundary, enriquillo fault
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primary effects - 230,000 lives lost, port au prince was flattened, 180,000 homes were damaged, 5000 schools damaged
secondary effects - strong aftershocks were recorded, 6.1 mag on 20 January, Haitian government was crippled due to the loss of so many civil servant, cholera outbreak killed over 1500 people in the following year
immediate responses - rescue effort with international teams, US took over airports to send aid, UN and police restored law and order, were provided with purification tablets
long term responses - hospitals schools and governments were restored - employing local people and providing jobs, slums were demolished, economic activities moved away from port au prince to avoid further damage
Causes of earthquakes
happen at destructive, collision and conservative boundaries - because many of the plates involved grind past each other for many years until faults cause the plates to lock and pressure to build up, before reaching a critical point where it jerks past releasing all the energy that has built up in the form of seismic waves, thus vibrating the crust above the lithosphere
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