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Goal-Setting Theory (Goal Moderators (Self-Efficacy: if persuaded that one…
Goal-Setting Theory
Goal Moderators
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Importance: goals can be more important because one has self-set them or because high reward is involved
Task Complexity: in complex tasks strategies are needed to fulfill a goal good strategies correlate with good performance
Commitment: goal performance is strongest with full commitment to a goal which can be enhanced by importance and self-efficacy
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Goal Types
Approach vs. Avoidance Goals:
- approach goals are more effective
Challenging vs. Easy Goals:
- people can adjust goal evaluations the goal can be made more attainable (self-efficacy) rather than less desirable
Performance vs. Mastery Goals:
- goals can involve a specific standard (performance) or the development of a skill (mastery)
Abandoning Goals:
- can happen as a cause of conflict with other goals or immediate needs
Goal Striving
Strategy 2: Automating Behavior:
- automatization of goal action associations can help to achieve the goal more efficient (going to the gym becomes a habit)
Strategy 3: Interpretation:
- changing the perspective can help to prevent goal dismiss often the short term perspective needs to be ignored and the long-term consequence should be the focus (gym example)
Strategy 1: Prospecting & Planning:
- mental simulation to allow practice before performing it can help to identify obstacles
Strategy 4: Effortful Inhibition
- process by which one actively suppresses thoughts that are contrary to the goals
- explains why in cognitive demanding situations one is less able to resist temptations that work against your goals
- LINK to task 6 JDM if cognitive capacities are demanded affective system takes over which is bad for your goal striving and also for you risk behavior
Goal Setting
self-regulation begins with adoption of a goal people avoid behavior inconsistent with self-image (LINK TMT TASK 1)
minorities perceive health goals as typical for the majority and dis-identify with them (LINK TASK 1 Social function emotion)
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Personal Goals
Self-set complex or hard goals increase self-efficacy because the self-setting is an implicit expresssion of self-confidence
Satisfaction:
- Setting a goal and achieving it is satisfying
- goals are the reference point for satisfaction versus dissatisfaction
- the more goal success the higher ones satisfaction
LINK TASK 2:
- self-regulation at work if you set yourself a high goal you are more likely to achieve it
- internalized goal = more autonomous = more intrinsic motivation = better performance #
The High Performance Cycle
- Motivation depends on specific challenges and requirements (high goals)
- High challenge = High reward = High satisfaction = High motivation for future challenges
- Limitation: No emphasis on personality