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Judgment & Decision Making (Elements of Risk Appraisal (Anticipatory…
Judgment & Decision Making
Steps in decision making
identifying options
assessing possible consequences of each option
evaluating the desirability of each consequence
evaluating possibility of occurrence of each consequence
identifying option with the highest subjective value
Prototype Willingness Theory
predicts that teens engage in unintended risk behaviors via a social reaction pathway grounded in experiential processing guided by stereotypes
willingness to take risks when presented with them decreases as teen grow older and turn into intentions which are more analysed decisions about behavior
Fuzzy-Trace Theory
increased risk taking relies on the under-reliance on rational intuition
adults rely more on this realistic intuition which prevents them from taking high risks
Factors of Influence in Adolescents D-M
adolescents peak in reward sensitivity
they learn more form positive than from negative experiences (affective learning)
they take more risks in the presence of peers
problems with self-regulation arise from a dominance of the hot affective system
Who X When: Adolescent Risk Taking
Who
: woman perceive risk taking in finance, recreation and ethics greater than males & woman perceive social risk as less risky
When:
risk taking is domain specific you might be risk seeking in one context but risk averse in another
Who x When:
Columbia Card Task (1 card ends the game all other cards are gain cards)
Amount cards picked displayed risk taking because each new card can end the game
hot version immediate feedback (each card said gain)
-cold version only feedback of total gain after round was ended
Results: Adolescents are more risk taking in the hot version of the task
Elements of Risk Appraisal
Anticipatory Emotions
: Direct emotional response to danger
Anticipated Emotions
: Expectations about the decision (risk taking)
Risk Perception
: cognitive evaluation of the threat
Perceived Severity
: Appraisal of how serious the threat it to one personally
Efficacy & Coping Appraisals
- Efficacy Appraisal
: belief to possess skills to deal with a consequences
Coping Appraisal
: perception of the consequences related to the risk behavior
Coping/Efficacy LOW
= Heightened emotion-focused coping instead of heightened problem-focused coping
Coping/Efficacy HIGH
= realizing the presence of risk and realizing actions to prevent that risk
Peer Influence Exeriment:
probabilistic gamble task subjects could decide if they want to gamble (play) or not (not playing)
they were told that they were watched by a peer half of the trials
under peer observation adolescents took more risks (played more often) even when the information about winning probabilities were presented
LINK TO TASK 2:
If efficacy/coping is high which can be related to high feeling of competence behavioral change (motivation to not take risks) is more likely
this is in close relation to the need for competence and intrinsic motivation
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