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Ecology of Teaching (Teacher Characteristics and Student Learning…

- - - - American formal institutions are influenced by the Protestant ethic, which emphasized 1.) active master, 2) work ethic 3) achieved status, 4) assertiveness, 5) fairness 6) external world, 7)change, 8) rationalism, 9) peers, 10) individual personality, 110obfective relationships, 12) right and wrong.
      - Individualistic and collectivist orientations affect socialization. Collectivistic cultures tend to:
        
        Associate with extended family, Foster sharing and group ownership, humility, learning occurs by observation and patience, showing respect, value family name and have a present-time orientation.
      - Contrasts between individualism and collectivism affect teaching
      - Cultural Contrasts in the Classroom
        
        Objects/people- focus on relationships and how people interact
        
        Possessions: owned by groups and free shared
        
        Achievement: group affiliation and cooperation most importatnt
        
        Social roles: children taught to respect authority and elders
    - - Duncan & Magnuson examined relationship between socioeconomic status and achievement- a) Income, b) Education, c) Family Structure, d)Neighborhood
      - Classism- differential treatment of people because of class background
    - - Educational experiences are affected by learning style, orientation toward persons, and field of dependence/ independence
      - Learning or cognitive styles are based on the socialization children receive in the families and peers.
      - Gardner's Theory of Multiple Intelligences
        
        Logical-mathematical- solving logical problems and preforming mathematical calculations.
        
        Linguistic- skills related to meaning, sound, and rhythm of words as well as use of language.
        
        Bodily-kinesthetic- ability to coordinate parts of the body and manipulate objects skillfully.
        
        Musically-produce pitch and rhythm, appreciates musical expression
        
        Spatial- ability to form a mental model of objects and parts in relation to each other.
        
        Intrapersonal- ability to understand one's feelings and motives
        
        Naturalist- ability to discriminate among living things and be sensitive to the natural environment.
    - - Teaching environments changed in 1975 by legislative mandates
        
        Individualized instruction, adaptation of curriculum to various learning styles, collaboration among professionals, peer tutoring
      - Individuals with Disabilities Education Act(IDEA) requires an Individualized education program (IEP) be done annually
      - Identification and assessment of children with disabilities
        
        Congress passed in 1986- addresses needs of infants, toddlers and preschoolers with disabilities, methods for observing behavior-anecdotal records, checklists and rating scales, time samples, measurement of behavior, best assessments include family and referral to services and inclusion- were individuals with disabilities are guaranteed equal opportunities.
      - Risk and Resilience
        
        Risk- endangerment or vulnerability to negative developmental outcomes
        
        Resilience- ability to withstand and rebound from crisis or permanent challenges.
        
        poverty- puts children at risk for negative developmental outcome
        
        children of prenatal substance exposure experience not only physical and health problems, but psychological and behavioral ones as well.
        
        1 in 5 adult Americans lived with an alcoholic parent
        
        Alcoholism- chronic, progressive and potentially fatal. Fetal alcohol syndrome(FAS), effects of alcoholism depend on the child's age, gender relationship to the drinking and non drinking parents and relationship to other family members or other social networks.
        
        Student teacher relationship is affected by the child's exposure